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Essay on intervention strategies
Intervention and theoretical paper
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What Works Movement The National Institute of Justice tells us that Community Corrections are programs to oversee offenders outside jail or prison, and are administered by agencies or courts with the legal authority to enforce sanctions. A group of Canadian psychologists examined why some programs reduced re-offending while others did not. After many years of study these psychologists discovered that working intervention programs shared some common features and was developed into the Principles of Effective Intervention. These became organizing concepts of Community Corrections and stimulated that has become known as the what works movement. The what works movement consists of four general principles of effective intervention that have become …show more content…
It calls for focusing resources on high-risk cases, because high risk offenders really need interventions, and are often the first to be excluded from programs. Two major questions should be considered when reviewing the research on the risk principle. Which offenders does the risk principle dictate we target and what happens when we fail to target them?, and How has research informed our understanding of the risk principle and its implications for correctional interventions including predictions about offender by treatment interactions? (Lowenkamp, C. T., & Latessa, E. J. ,2005). Correctional programs need to utilize objective and standardized assessment tools to identify appropriate offenders for highly structured programs. Without this, programs would likely target the wrong offenders,and would be a waste of correctional funds. Offenders who are lower risk are best served with more traditional levels of supervision, where the offenders who are higher risk should be kept in programming longer to make sure that every effort is made to address their risk factor and needs. Although this concept seems …show more content…
Without the ability to be successful at intervening, criminal behavior is highly resistant to change, where the possibility of a life time of offending may occur will greatly increase the costs to society. Justice officials are faced with balancing the ideals of accountability, protecting community safety, rehabilitation, and reintegration, even with the possibility of failure. Present research suggests the system is in need for efforts that will ensure better and more consistent matching of services with criminogenic needs, as doing so is associated with reduced recidivism. Particular attention must be paid to the impact of possible gender-specific needs and responsivity factors on recidivism and to the possibility of their inclusion in treatment designation. The RNR principles are useful in the framework for correctional intervention and rehabilitation, and the development of risk–needs measures; these principles, and the tools based on them, require continued development in identifying the needs and trajectories of subgroups, such as female youth, that have, until recently, been largely overlooked in correctional research (Vitopoulos, N. A., Peterson-Badali, M., & Skilling, T. A. ,2012). Some approaches to treatment are better than others. Psychological researchers
The RNR model was established in 1990 in an article written and published by Andrews, Bonta and Hoge, this article outlined three principles that made up an effective form of offender rehabilitation (Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, 2011). These theoretical principles stated in the article include: The Risk principle of which states the matching of an offender and their risk to the level of the program (high risk = high intensity); The need principle- this refers to targeting criminogenic needs to reduce the risk of recidivism; The responsivity principle- this states to matching the style of program techniques to the offender and their learning style/ability of which include general responsivity (cognitive social learning) and specific responsivity (Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, 2011). By following these rules, it shows that programs that follow the RNR model match the intensity of the program with the risk level of the offenders whilst also delivering services
This essay begins with the introduction of the Risk-Needs-Responsivitiy Model which was developed to assess offending and offer effective rehabilitation and treatment (Andrews & Bonta, 2007). The R-N-R model “remains the only empirically validated guide for criminal justice interventions that aim to help offenders” (Polashek, 2012, p.1) consisting of three principles which are associated with reductions in recidivism of up to 35% (Andrew & Bonta, 2010); risk, need and responsivity. Firstly, the risk principle predicts the offenders risk level of reoffending based on static and dynamic factors, and then matched to the degree of intervention needed. Secondly, the R-N-R targets individual’s criminogenic needs, in relation to dynamic factors. Lastly, the responsivity principle responds to specific responsivity e.g. individual needs and general responsivity; rehabilitation provided on evidence-based programming (Vitopoulous et al, 2012).
Savage, J. (2011). Gendered pathways from strain to delinquency. Criminology and Justice Policy Dissertation……(Savage, 2011)
Wormith, J. S., Althouse, R., Simpson, M., Reitzel, L. R., Fagan, T. J., & Morgan, R. D. (2007). The rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders: The current landscape and some future directions for correctional psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(7), 879-892.
The Youth Criminal Justice Act has many concerns creating inequalities in the restorative justice approach. For instance, juvenile delinquents who develop from a background that is impoverished may lack the ability to satisfy the reparative objectives of punishment and may not be ready to be reintegrated back into socie...
Lipsey, M. W., Chapman, G. L., L & Enberger, N. A. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders. The annals of the american academy of political and social science, 578 (1), pp. 144--157.
Corrections in criminal justice is a punishment to rehabilitation or improve offender’s behaviors. The correctional system has programs that include parole and probation that are set for inmates that qualify to improve themselves and become better people. There are also other programs that provide care and support for inmates that are making a transition from custody to society. Evidenced based programing are out there to help inmates and make a change in corrections.
Females are increasingly becoming more active in the juvenile justice system and this is said to be happening at alarming rates. It is important to learn more about why and how girls commit crimes so that we may also attempt intervention in an effective manner to prevent potential offenders and rehabilitate the girls who have already committed offenses. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has produced a report that includes a review of how these girls are getting into these situations, how states are dealing with this population of offenders, the national efforts that have taken place to attempt to address the needs of the adolescent female offender including training for individuals who work with these females and a female-based continuum of care model that’s use is recommended in the development of any female program development. This population of offenders requires not special treatment but different treatment than the typical juvenile offender which has been up until recently mostly all male.
In the first place, the risk principle focuses on high-risk criminals who are likely to reoffend. This principle should match the level of intervention with the offender’s risk level. As written by Van der Knaap, Alberda, Oosterveld & Born, “The need principle suggests that interventions should address dynamic risk factors— or criminogenic needs—because they are aspects of a person or his or her situation, which, when changed, are associated with changes in the chance of recidivism. (Van der Knaap, Alberda, Oosterveld & Born, 2012, p. 413)” The high-risk criminals are targeted for this program after being assessed for risk. The criminals this principle undergo intensive treatments. It is not effective to use this principle with low risk criminals since it is likely to cause more damage than advantage.
One of the most commonly used classification systems for offenders is the combination of risk assessment and need assessment. The combination of these two systems of classification is rather new. The earliest types of classification focused mainly on offender risks by using custody classification and separating prisoners into minimum, medium, and maximum security (Van Voorhis et al., 2009). Early risks assessments appeared to only focus on historical factors that did not tend to change over time. A supplement of the classification was introduced with the original needs assessment system. The needs assessment was meant to offer information relevant to treatment (Van Voorhis et al., 2009). Unfortunately, the needs assessments were rarely used for the purposes of locating treatment. The introduction of models that combined the two assessments was paramount because it opened assessments up to the idea that factors change over time that influence offenders.
While girls have historically made up a small percentage of the juvenile justice population, offending by girls is on the rise. Girls are the fastest growing segment of despite the overall drop in juvenile crime. Over the past two decades we have witnessed an exponential rise in the number of girls in detention facilities, jails and prisons; likewise, arrest rates for girls in almost all offense categories have outstripped that of boys over this same time per...
Unfortunately, the criminal justice system is a vital piece of today’s society. Without it, the public would be free to do whatever they choose with no real consequence to negative actions. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, roughly 3 million workers were employed in the criminal justice field in 2015 (Occupational Employment, 2016). This is made up of countless different agencies, including law enforcement, corrections, homeland security, and many more. Corrections is a key element in the criminal justice system, which has its own unique functional philosophy, administrative structure and functions, theoretical assumptions that govern its existence, organizational mission, goals and objectives, and division of responsibilities.
Introduction: Recidivism or, habitual relapses into crime, has time and time again proven to be an issue among delinquents, which thereby increases the overall juvenile prison population. This issue has become more prevalent than what we realize. Unless a unit for measuring a juvenile’s risk of recidivism is enacted and used to determine a system to promote effective prevention, than the juvenile prison population will continue to increase. Our court system should not only focus on punishing the said juvenile but also enforce a program or policy that will allow for prevention of recidivism. So the question remains, how can recidivism in the juvenile prison population be prevented so that it is no longer the central cause for increased juvenile delinquency? Simply put, we must create a means of measuring juvenile’s level of risk and in turn, form an effective rehabilitation program that will decrease their risk level for future recidivism.
Community based programs are alternative options available to juveniles, instead of incarceration that safely serves juveniles and give juveniles a second chance to become productive members of society. Community based programs aim to efficiently rehabilitate and prevent juvenile delinquency and reduce deviant behavior in juveniles (Alarid & Del Carmen, 2012).
To support reintegration, correctional workers are to serve as advocates for offenders in dealing with government agencies assisting with employment counseling services, medical treatment, and financial assistance. They argued that corrections focal point should be increasing opportunities for the offenders, to become law abiding citizens and on providing psychological treatment. This model of corrections advocates avoiding imprisonment if possible for the offender and also in favor of probation, therefore offenders can obtain an education and vocational training that would help their adjustment in the community. In the community model corrections advocated for inmates incarcerated to spend very limited time in prison before been granted parole.