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Relationship between gender and sexuality
Relationship between gender and sexuality
Review on psychoanalysis
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Personality is defined as the distinct variances in individual patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. (Rathus, 210) Personality study can be divided into two extensive areas. The first is understanding individual dissimilarities in certain personality characteristics, such as amiability or petulance. The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. There are five general perspectives in psychology, each of which emphasizes different factors in an attempt to understand how a personality develops and relates to others. These are the biological, psychodynamic, social and cultural (or sociocultural), learning, and cognitive perspectives. This paper outlines how each of these perspectives would describe the development and maintenance of a traditional (husband and wife) marital relationship.
The Biological Perspective
Bateson (198-233) states that the basic biological perspective is that all human behavior is biogenetic at its foundation. Thus, people form relationships and marry with those who are perceived as best for the survival of one’s genes. Following this line of thinking, men are attracted to women who signal fertility and women are attracted to men who signal not only fertility but the ability to care for a family. More specifically, there is a neurobiological structure that enables attachment bonding in a manner that motivates reproduction and with it a sense of security, anxiety reduction, and ability to cope. This bonding mechanism, developed in the earliest of years, guides a person throughout life. Thus, the creation and maintenance of a loving marital relationship arises out of and is reinforced by biological wiring involved in forming attachment bonds from the earliest to t...
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...viors. Their thoughts about future outcomes from their current interactions are reasonable and their assumptions about how the world operates are rooted in reality. They do not engage in selective attention to those aspects of the world that only support their beliefs and thinking but rather are open to contradictory information. It is this type of thinking that helps to develop and maintain a long lasting love relationship.
The Psychodyamic Perspective
The psychodynamic perspective of marriage holds that stable and long-lasting relationships form and are maintained when people are relatively free of neuroses and have good ego or self-functioning (Ringstrom 159-182). In other words, it is the same factors that make for general mentally healthy functioning that make for two people functioning in a marriage in a manner that expresses love and protects its stability.
Human beings are not isolated individuals. We do not wander through a landscape of trees and dunes alone, reveling in our own thoughts. Rather, we need relationships with other human beings to give us a sense of support and guidance. We are social beings, who need talk and company almost as much as we need food and sleep. We need others so much, that we have developed a custom that will insure company: marriage. Marriage assures each of us of company and association, even if it is not always positive and helpful. Unfortunately, the great majority of marriages are not paragons of support. Instead, they hold danger and barbs for both members. Only the best marriages improve both partners. So when we look at all three of Janie’s marriages, only her marriage to Teacake shows the support, guidance, and love.
“what have we learned.” To prevent any kind of confusion, Waldinger divides what he has learned from this study into three lessons. He reinforces the big value of relations with some metaphors: “the experience of loneliness turns out to be toxic.” He wants to convey how threatening the loneliness is. “loneliness kills.” To stop any doubt that his metaphor is exaggerated, he supports it with evidences, facts and detailed surveys: “more than one in five Americans will report that they're lonely,” “The people who were the most satisfied in their relationships at age 50 were the healthiest at age 80.” These surveys and facts mainly support not only his point but also his aim beyond that talk. The power of relationships: “good relationships keep us happier and healthier.” He also illustrates the previous point by reports from the study: “Our most happily partnered men and women reported, in their 80s, that on the days when they had more physical pain, their mood stayed just as happy. But the people who were in unhappy relationships, on the days when they reported more physical pain, it was magnified by more emotional pain.” Additionally, he illustrates how the relationships can keep us healthier: “High-conflict marriages, for example, without much affection, turn out to be very bad for our health, perhaps worse than getting divorced. And living in the midst of good, warm relationships is protective.” Waldinger develops that the relationships do not just protect physical health, they protect brains: “the people who are in relationships where they really feel they can count on the other person in times of need, those people's memories stay sharper longer. And the people in relationships where they feel they really can't count on the other one, those are the people who experience earlier memory
P.J. (2004). Personality: Theory and Research. USA: Wiley. SMITH. T. W. and WILLIAMS.
Is monogamy really the best relationship dynamic for everyone? Are people being honest with themselves, their lovers, or even their spouses in regards to monogamy? Apparently they are not, due to the seemingly common occurrence of infidelity in society today. This is why I will explore alternative relationship dynamics, and the pros and cons of monogamy, polyamory and other non-monogamous lifestyles. The idea of non-monogamy seems to be on people’s minds, since it has been coming up in popular culture lately, with shows like “Big Love” and “Sister-Wives.” Why shouldn’t the topic be of interest to the public? It affects everyone, concerns the way we form romantic relationships with one another, and influences the future of American family dynamics beyond traditional coupling. While many people in American society do not consider any relationship style other than monogamy to be legitimate, we often think about people other than our partners in a romantic or sexual way, and some people may be better suited for a non-monogamous relationship dynamic. To support this conclusion, this paper will explore the various styles of non-monogamy, look at the influence of genetics and biology on our relationships and counter the common arguments against non-mongamy, to show that it is a viable relationship option.
The term psychology has many meanings to different people, even to those who work within the psychological field. The word psychology derives from two Greek roots; 'psyche' refers to 'soul' or 'mind' and logo refers to 'the study of'. A more update definition of the word psychology can be found from Atkinson, et al (1991) “The scientific study of behaviours and mental processes.” However on Google Definitions the definition of psychology is “the mental characteristics and attitudes of a person” [accessed 16 September 2011], which gives somewhat of a contradiction. In this assignment I will be outlining and evaluating four key psychological perspectives. The psychological perspectives I have chosen are the behavioural approach, biological approach, cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach.
The five major theoretical perspectives in psychology are biological, learning, cognitive, psychodynamic, and sociocultural perspectives. Each one of these perspectives searches for answers about behavior through different techniques and through looking for answers to different kinds of questions. Due to the different approaches, each perspective form their own assumptions and explanations. Some perspectives are widely accepted while others struggle for acceptance.
Personality is patterns of thinking, behavior and emotional responses that make up individuality over time. Psychologist attempt to understand how personality develops and its impact on how we behave. Several theories attempt to explain personality, using different approaches. The social-cognitive and humanistic approaches are two of many theories that attempt to explain personality. This essay will identify the main concepts of social-cognitive and humanistic approach, identify perspective differences and discuss approach limitations.
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
As Scoufe, et. al. discusses, interpersonal relationships are fundamental on individuals and those who are diagnosed with a mental health disorder. The article explains the relationships as indicators of disorders, risk and protective factors as well as in terms with regards to psychopathology. These relationships can assist to further understand the origin and course of the disorder and how the pathology is defined. Relationship problems in an individual are often indicators of disturbance which is often describes the criteria for classification. These relationship problems are part of the DSM systems which determines that there is a problem to warrant a diagnosis but also determines the specific classification. On the other hand, early relationship are viewed as the origin of the disorders while relationship disturbance represent the source of psychopathology. Social relationship are also key in the individual since relationships with caregivers, peers and others are important in the development framework of psychopathology.
There are many people in this world; no two people are the same. When considering personality theories it is important to note that not all theories apply to all situations or all people. Different theories have different approaches. It is important to know the person before making assumptions about the proper theory to apply to the person or in any given situation. The purpose of this paper is to analysis how different personality theorists could interoperate different individual circumstances and behaviors based on case examples provided by the instructor.
A Comparison of the Main Approaches to Personality Psychology Psychology of personality is a difficult concept to define and quantify, therefore most personality theories, however different they may be in other respects, share the basic assumption, that personality is a particular pattern of behaviour and thinking, that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another. Most theories attempting to explain personality represent part of the classic psychological Nature verse Nurture debate. In other words, is personality “inherited”, or developed through our interactions with the environment. In addition, we shall compare and contrast two of the main approaches to personality psychology by concentrating on Psychoanalytical Theory (Freud) and Social Learning Theory (Bandura). By looking at the Psychodynamic approach, developed by Freud, we can argue that it emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behaviours.
It may seem obvious to some why people mate, however there are many facets to human mating. Psychology has shown that reasons for mating have gone beyond the scope of love and physical attractiveness. People may search for mates who resemble archetypical images of the opposite-sex parent, mates with characteristics that are either complementary or similar to one's own qualities, or mates with whom to make an exchange of valuable resources (Buss 238). Although these theories play a key role in understanding patterns in human mating preferences, evolutionary psychology and sexual selection theory provide more concrete frameworks for explaining human mating.
In my personal relationship with my wife I feel that I thought about expressing my love prior to her thinking. Ultimately I did express my love to her with the three simple words of I love you. I thought for the longest time that I was the exception to the rule as in society everyone hears about the woman that falls for the man and he just cannot see the forest for the trees. This journal showed new light into the fact that males in general may have deeper thought and understanding into the concept of love than previously thought.
“From this moment, I, take you, as my best friend for life. I pledge to honor, encourage, and support you through our walk together. I promise to provide for your needs and always make you a priority in my life. With every beat of my heart, I will love you. This is my solemn vow” (Daversa). This vow is an example of words expressed between a man and woman on their wedding day as they face one another and declare their love in front of family and friends. However, when the same man says these words on more than one occasion to different women, then the validity is called into question. Monogamy is the practice or state of being married to, or having a sexual relationship with one person at a time (Little et. al. 1275). Although rare, monogamous relationships can be observed among animals in the wild. Beavers, which mate for life, use their union as a survival tool to construct and maintain their dams (Caraza). While humans are considered animals, they have developed beyond their counterparts to develop a whole set of complicated emotions - love, jealousy, rage, and depression. Generally, animals have no need for emotional fulfillment. Their brains do not have the capacity to house these feelings that humans have come to develop. Humans, on the other hand, have emotional needs, and among these are to express love and to receive love in return. Man's greatest fear is loneliness, and monogamy helps give humans that deep, emotional connection with another human being that we all need to survive (Becker 34). Monogamy provides individuals with emotional and physical stability that cannot be achieved with alternatives to monogamy.
Personality is the expression of a person’s traits according to ones feelings, mentality and behavior. It involves understanding individuals’ traits such as withdrawal and willpower and how various parts of an individual link together to form personality. Personality expresses itself from within an individual and is comparatively regular throughout in an individual’s life. Different people have different personalities dependent on factors such as environment and genetic composition. Our personality is dependent on the success or failure of our development in the eight stages of life. This is proposed by Erik Erikson. Success in the development stages lead to virtues while the failure leads to malignancies.