The Electronics Industry in India
The Electronics industry is one of the fastest growing industries right from its origin. The profit brought out of this is much more compared to other olden industries. India is one among the largest economies in the world and has a good GDP among emerging economies. The birth and growth of this industry in India is quiet interesting. With large population and the potential consumer demand is almost unlimited and hence a strong growth performance could be expected. The base of this industry. Basically Indian market is a consuming market, it grows as people consume more. The liberalization of the economy by 1991 has helped to a rapid growth this helped the electronics industry in India as one of the most important and emerging markets. The start of this industry here dates back to early 1960’s.Electronics was primarily focused to develop in the filed of communication systems for radios, telephony, telegraphy, and television broadcast. A lot of importance was given for the augmentation of defense capabilities. Till 1980’s the electronic sector was government owned. From there on the growth of the electronic industry took off due to economic changes resulting in the globalization of the economy.
The electronic industry recorded a very high growth in subsequent years by 1990’s.
Private, foreign investments were encouraged. This was the starting point of forex to pour in. Easing the Norms for the investment, reduction in duties and deli censing of several consumer electronic products marked attraction of foreign investors. The domestic circle response to this was also favorable to the government policies. Allowing this industry for the private sector enabled entrepreneurs build industries to meet suppressed demand. Improvements in this industry have not been only to a particular area but in each and every process right from acquiring the raw materials to the packed product. Long steps have been made in the area of consumer products, communication, biomedical instrumentation, networking and defense. This resulted in significant market growth by late 1990’s. The sales of some basic units increased three-fold .the main area of focus has now turned to design, Compact packing and to provide vale added service.
Analyzing the strength of this industry it has a competitive advantage by providing high quality-low price, large trained manpower poll. The key strength being developed infrastructure as compared to the mechanical industry. The software technology parks that have been established are providing the necessary software orientation for this industry.
The new era of virtual to real manufacturing is under way which will increase productivity, efficiency and innovation, speed-to-market, and flexibility, resulting in a powerful new cycle of growth and value creation. The advanced manufacturing facilities of today and tomorrow are clean and replete with robots, computers, lasers, and other ultramodern machine technologies for example the most common tools carried on the new auto plants are not wrench or screwdriver instead it’s IPad (Ludwig & Spiegel,
Is it not interesting that, Shamhat (the harlot) and the tavern keeper; two women, who normally would be considered the lowest of the low amongst all the other women, were given such high regard in these ancient tablets and in contrast, Ishtar the Goddess of love and sex is totally disrespected in spite of her wealth and beauty. I can only conclude that it is because women who have to work in their profession’s can relate to men in a way that most women will never be able to understand. And what about Ninsun, the mom who interprets her son’s dreams, well, what can I say, Mother knows everything, and you better not forget it.
The market for IT industry was huge and expanding at a fast pace. However the market leaders were Accenture and IBM which had a negligent market share and rest was captured by small enterprises. Indian companies also ventured in the industry and due to their competition, IT multinational giants had to increase their base in India. Due to high opportunities, attrition rate was also high in this industry. As a result Indian companies like Wipro, Infosys increased their base level salaries. During this phase, Indian economy was transforming towards an era of information and knowledge. This can be seen from the fact that contribution of services towards the economy’s GDP was higher than 18% in 2001 as against in 1980. No other industry had done better standing against global competition. The annual exports had always been over 50% over a decade. U.S.A. share represents highest with 61% and about a third of Fortune 500 companies outsource their software work to India. To foster development, Indian government has taken a number of steps like liberalization of policies and providing necessary capital and infrastructure to foster growth. Thus Indian environment has been conducive for growth. (Ref: Indian Embassy.org) Competitor analysis- The market for IT industry was fairly competitive with IBM and Accenture as global leaders and rest of the market was pretty diffused. IBM and Accenture had strong brand and a global presence with a large customer base. They also offered panoply of services viz. technology implementation, business consulting, offshore services, customer relationship management etc. Both offered breadth and depth of services. IT market in India offered technical and business consulting with Tata Consultancy Services which was the market leader in IT exports and Wipro Technologies and Infosys being other major market players. TCS offered consultancy services, IT services, asset based solution etc. Wipro was third largest IT provider with service offerings in IT consulting, software solutions, BPO etc. Both had a strong global presence. Intensity of Rivalry: Rivalry amongst competitors was pretty intense as can be seen the Indian competition caused IBM to increase their presence in India. However leaders like IBM and Accenture had a wide range of service offerings so competition was only amongst few sectors. Rivalry was to hire the top talent as human capital is the most important thing in the IT sector. This is the reason that attrition rate lead to a rise in pay packages.
The Sumerian mythologies reflect the changing perspective of male and female’s roles in the Bronze Era through the representations of gods and goddesses. The proper gender-guided conduct was defined by the god and goddesses’ behaviors, since they were models of perfectionism for the mortals to follow. There is much evidence that women played central roles during the Neolithic period, but this gradually changed later on during the early phases of Sumerian civilization, and even more during the Assyrian Kingdom when most restrictive rules were imposed upon women, including the veil. Great works such as The Descent of Inanna and The Epic of Gilgamesh provide evidence of how social organization changed throughout history. Goddess Inanna and Ishtar, who are both representations of the same goddess, reflect the gradual loss of power and importance of women. Whereas Inanna is a forceful goddess who tests the limits of her abilities, including death, her later representation on Ishtar has her more as familiar weak and capricious figure. Whereas a researcher such as Clarissa Pinkola Estes suggests a matriarchal prehistory, there seems to be insufficient evidence for it. However, it is clear that goddesses, and Inanna is a prominent example, had clear power.
In the churchyard of Grassmere’s Saint Oswald’s Church, lies a simple tombstone laid in reverence to William Wordsworth; now one of the most visited literary shrines in the world. “The World is Too Much With Us” is one of many excellent poems written by William Wordsworth during the early 1800’s. The poem’s theme revolves directly upon the material inclination of the world, and the tragic result of human kind losing sight of all things truly meaningful. When reading such texts based upon such controversial (and at that time) revolutionary ideals, especially when expressed in such remorse and disgust; one can begin to wonder on what authority the poet stands to address all humankind in such manner, diminishing practically all but himself. What right does he have, and what value should we place on his opinion? Oxford Dictionary defines the term ‘value’ as: ‘how useful or important something is’. Today renowned as a great poet, William Wordsworth biographically experienced more than his fair share of lows; including orphaned by the age of 13. Culturally he was exposed to one of the largest spread of Christianity & bore witness to the Industrial revolution. Considering the circumstances the poet has experienced gives more understanding to what influenced such ideals & writings. It seems all William Wordsworth had gained and more so lost; allowed him to see life in more perspective than what others did, resulting in essence a more prioritised life; these priorities of the correct manner. Reading poems with a context of biographical & cultural knowledge adds value to our view of the poet (Wordsworth), to their poems & to the ideals they represent in them.
[6] Kripalani, Majeet & Egnardio, Pete. The Rise Of India. Business Week Online. December 8, 2003. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_49/b3861001_mz001.htm
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