The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed, hierarchical database of Internet name and address information. The purpose of the DNS is to resolve, or map, the names of host computers to numerical IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. Every computer connected to the Internet has its own unique IP address. The IP address is a 32-bit number that is conventionally presented in dotted decimal form divided into four binary octets. The domain name is an alphanumerical name that corresponds to the IP address. The founders of the Internet introduced the concept of domain names because alphanumerical names are easier for humans to understand and remember than relatively long, meaningless IP addresses.
The domain name space is organized hierarchically according to a root and tree structure. When read from left to right, the name follows a path from the branches of the tree to the root. A domain name, such as , essentially consists of two main elements: the top-level domain (TLD), second-level domain (2LD) and sometimes it may contain a third or higher level domain. The machine-readable addresses are called IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, because the location of data on the Internet is identified using the Internet Protocol Address System. Every resource on the Internet (web site, web page or e-mail address) must have a unique Internet Protocol address. Without this unique identifying address, resources on the Internet will not be able to find other specific resources. There will, for example, be no way of making sure that the important e-mail one sends will reach the intended addressee. Domain names are converted into a thirty-two-bit dotted decimal notation, or a number consisting of four octets (sets of eight binary digits...
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...a and without a presence on the Internet. Thousands of domain names were registered with the ulterior motives of reselling the domain names for profit, or of using established trade marks and brands to attract custom to web sites by registrants with no actual relation or right to the mark or brand. It was, therefore, only a matter of time before an inherent tension between domain names and intellectual property rights became apparent, which tension raises challenging policy questions.
Interestingly, the DNS system is essentially a privately administered system that confers rights through registrations that can be accessed from around the globe, giving the ‘rights holder’ an international presence. The intellectual property rights system, on the contrary, is publicly administered on a strictly territorial basis, and confers rights only within a specific territory.
IPv4 is the original internet addressing system. It is a protocol which was used on packet-switched networks. Delivery model is how it operates at its best without a guaranteed avoidance of duplicate in delivery or assurance of proper sequencing. Some aspects include data integrity which is mostly addressed by TCP. IPV4 uses binary notation to sort at time IP address that consist of 32 bits. It is a practice to convert the 32 bits of an IPv4 address into four 8 bit known as octets. With each octet converted to a decimal number (base 10) from (0–255) and parted by a period developed a format called dotted decimal notation. IPv4 has a category of address class types: Class A, B, C, D and E. The class A addresses are used for big networks and always start with zero bits. Each Class A address network can hold up as many as 16,777,216 hosts.
Intellectual property is an incredibly complicated facet of the law. In the United States, we have many laws in place to control and limit profiting from others intellectual property. The issue is not only profiting from others intellectual property, but not purchasing the property from the originator as well. We will discuss why it is important to protect this property as well as why it is tremendously difficult to regulate all these safe guards. “Intellectual Property has the shelf life of a banana.” Bill Gates
Trademark is a word, symbol or phrase used for identifying a particular manufactures or seller’s products and distinguish them from other products. The overall purpose of Trademark law is to prevent unfair trade competitions by protecting the use of words, symbols logo design, name ect..Why because these are the key distinguishing things of goods and services of a firm. These laws protecting consumers by preventing firms and companies from using trademarks substantially similar to those of others. The main purpose of these laws is to avoid confusions regarding the identity and quality of companies and preventing the companies from diluting the marks of other’s. In present day world particularly in commercial market,
DNS is used to provide a mapping between the websites name and their respective IP addresses. DNS caching is a mechanism to cache this Website name–IP address mapping on the DNS server for some amount of time. When number of users in the office or universities access same websites again and again then DNS caching is used to improve the performance of the system as DNS server doesn’t need to do all hierarchical searching using root name servers and TLD name servers for each and every user request. Network will be too overloaded if we don’t use DNS caching as DNS server needs to do number of DNS queries in order to find one IP address. DNS caching stores the IP addresses of frequently used websites in the organization.
The aim of this essay is to critically discuss how the law of passing off and trade mark law have common roots and therefore are, in many respects, similar. I will begin with a short brief history of trade mark law and the law of passing off. I move on to discuss the similarity between trade mark law and the law of passing off with reference to relevant case law and statutes. Although, passing off and trade mark law deal with overlapping factual situations, s 2(2) of the Trade Mark Act 1994 maintains passing off as a separate cause of action. When a trade mark is threatened by the actions of third parties the proprietor will bring an action for both passing off and trade mark infringement which both share many similarities. However, they are
When Tim Berners-Lee created the Internet as a non-proprietor, not-for-profit information conduit, he could not have predicted how controversial digitized intellectual property would become. Prior to the Internet, intellectual property was a fairly straightforward issue. It was protected with copyright, trademark, and patent legislations, which granted exclusive rights to owners. Violations were not as abundant because distribution was constrained by time and space. Moreover, violators were identifiable because anonymity was difficult to achieve. In today's "global village" however, digital information such as books, music, software and art can be instantly shared between two anonymous users, without any fee to the creator. Legislation is much more difficult to enforce.
“Cybersquatting is the practice of registering a domain name that is the trademark of another person or company in the hopes that the owner will pay huge amounts of money to acquire the URL,” (Schneider, Gary P, p. 333, 2015). In addition, under common law, Nissan Motor Company had trade name rights. Since Nissan was established before Uzi Nissan’s company, the name “Nissan” identified Nissan Motor Co.
Ten years ago, the Internet as we know it hit screens. It was 1995 when Explorer and Netscape emerged as the leading browsers for Internet users. Of course, a lot has changed since the days when it took several minutes to load one Web page. Today, URLs are as common as phone numbers for most businesses.
The Internet consists of a three level hierarchy composed of backbone networks (e.g. ARPAnet, NSFNet, MILNET), mid-level networks, and stub networks. These include commercial (.com or .co), university (.ac or .edu) and other research networks (.org, .net) and military (.mil) networks and span many different physical networks around the world with various protocols, chiefly the Internet Protocol.
Governments provide the legal and social framework in market economies by establishing and protecting the rights to private property and to the economic gains derived from the use of that property. The government's protection of private property extends to land, factories, stores, as well as intellectual property. Intellectual properties are protected by exclusive rights, called copyrights, to protect such things as books, music, films, and computer software programs, etc; or patents, protect other types of inventions, designs, products, and manufacturing processes. These exclusive issued rights give the holders the rights to sell or market their products and creations for a specified period of time.
...elated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) has not only made it easier for companies to register their trademark in one country or another but it has also extended their level of protection against competitors or counterfeiters.
When you log onto the Internet using Netscape, Microsoft Internet Explorer, or some other browser, you are viewing documents on the World Wide Web. The current foundation on which the WWW functions is the programming language called HTML. It is HTML and other programming embedded within HTML that make possible Hypertext.
The first step is to register a domain name. A domain name is used to identify your unique location on the web. There are a...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address - Wiki page about IP address http://whatismyipaddress.com/dynamic-static - Wiki page about IP address types
In Chapter 2, Danda describes the basics of the Internet. He states that security threats are a result of the design of the Internet. The Internet was used exclusively by the military until 1995, when it was made public (Danda 23). The most popular services on the Internet are e-mail and the World Wide Web (Danda 23). An IP address is assigned to each computer, and no two IP addresses are the same. Computers send information on the Internet by breaking down the information into packets and sending the packets separately (Danda