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Cultural anthropology Study
Cultural anthropology Study
Cultural anthropology Study
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The Devlopment of Reflexive Anthropology
Reflexive anthropology has pressured scholoars to recognize their own biases and look increasingly inwards when studying “other” cultures. Reflexive anthropology is a break away from the traditional study of a clearly defined “us” and “them,” that seeks to shift towards indentification rather than difference. It attempts to uncover the politics behind ethnography. Reflexivity shows how “we” are effected by “others”, and how “others” are effected by “us.” It holds anthropologists accountable for what they write, and how they represent culture. Anthropologists like Dorinne Kondo and Renato Rosaldo have greatly influenced the devlopment of reflexive anthropology through their enthnographies.
When Kondo, a Japanese-American woman, went to Japan to for research, she was unprepared for how her own identity would complicate her study. Because she looked Japanese, and in some ways “felt Japanese,” but did not have the cultural knowledge and language skills of a true “native,” she was pressured by others to conform. They wanted her to be a “Japanese women,” and she (initially) readily complied. In doing so, the lines between “informant” and “ethnographer” became blurred, as she examined her own transition, and her own “dissolution and reconstitution of self.” It become increasingly impossible for Kondo to write an ethnography from a distanced, us/ them, point of view, as she was (outwardly) becoming more like “them.” Kondo states:
I emphasize here the collusion between all parties involved, for it is important to recognize the ways in which informants are also actors and agents and that the negotiation of reality that takes place in the doing of ehtnography involves complex and ...
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...after the death of his wife that Rosaldo felt the anger and grief that he believed was related to the Ilongots’ feelings. Through his own sad experience, Rosaldo thought that could understand the Ilongot’s deeper reason for headhunting.
Rosaldo’s belief that people might truly be able to understand each other on all levels is quite problomatic. He even states that “the notion of position also refers to how life experiences both enable and inhibit particular kinds of insight” (19). Whereas he applies this comment to his own ablity to understand headhuntung because of his feelings about his wife’s death, he dismissed other cultural factors that differentiate the Ilongot people from himself. Although he is able to feel some sort of connection to his informants through his own pain, he is in no position to be able to state that he understands the culture’s ritual.
Ten weeks after the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) singed an Executive Order of 9066 that authorized the removal of any people from military areas “as deemed necessary or desirable”(FDR). The west coast was home of majority of Japanese Americans was considered as military areas. More than 100,000 Japanese Americans was sent and were relocated to the internment camps that were built by the United States. Of the Japanese that were interned, 62 percent were Nisei (American born, second generation) or Sansei (third-generation Japanese) the rest of them were Issai Japanese immigrants. Americans of Japanese ancestry were far the most widely affected. The Japanese internment camps were wrong because the Japanese were accused as spies, it was racism, and it was a violation to the United States constitution laws.
Hitler was Germany’s worst leader because he placed millions of people in inhumane situations. As Hitler began to overtake Europe he started to segregate the citizens of his country. Hitler believed that the aryan race was the purest, and wanted to eliminated every other race, particularly Jews. He began by placing Jews in ghettos. Ghettos were described as, “a life of squalor, hunger, disease, and despair” (Bard 60). The people of the ghettos were devastated to be thrown out of the comfort of their home and placed in horrendous living conditions. The ghettos were known as “a place for slave labor… in other instances, Jewish slave labor had no recognizable purpose other than dehumanization” (Bard 60-61). Jewish people were being stripped of their morale and spirit. Hitler wanted to break them down emotionally. Once in ghettos, Jews were not allowed to practice any religious beliefs. The jews of Rawa were forced to cut their beards; Rabbi ...
During the Holocaust one point one million men, women, and children had been killed. One of the largest ghettos that Hitler had the Jews sent to was in Poland, about one percent of the population died each month. Hitler saw himself as the chosen leader to create a superior race, and had the rights to do anything he wanted. Hitler thought that he could kill or punish anyone who got into his way. Two days before Hitler died he married his lifelong friend Eva Braun. He knew that the U.S. army was coming after him. Hitler took a capsule shot his wife, and then shot himself in the head.
Anthropological researchers have considerable moral and ethical standards by which their work must be conducted in order to preserve the accuracy and the posterity of the information gathered during the study and also to the persons or cultures of which they study. These two important parts of anthropology – the research and those being researched – can be conflicting. The Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association presents itself as a body of guidelines for discussing these ethical and moral conflicts. This allows for researchers in the field of anthropology to have a foundation for understanding what decisions must be made regarding these ethical and moral conflicts and to whom the disclosures of those decisions should be made.
Hitler’s plans for Germany were both meaningless and cruel. His first goal was to establish what he thought was the ‘supreme’ race, Aryan. Aryan people are tall and skinny, with blonde hair, blue eyes, and light skin (FYI: Hitler had none of these characteristics, and rumor has it that his grandmother was Jewish.). Every other person was not considered human to him, especially Jewish people. Hitler hated Jewish people the most because he thought that because of their beliefs and living style they lost World War I. Also according to Hitler, Jews were maggots, parasites, vampire spiders sucking blood, and vermin. Hitler thought it was not enough to only eliminate the ‘enemies’ of the Aryan race, but they also needed space to live. This is when his second goal came into play. He started relocating them, starving them, shutting down their shops and many more things. The worst part was that he lied to them when he said they were relocating them, he was really taking them to concentration camps.
Matsumoto studies three generations, Issei, Nisei, and Sansei living in a closely linked ethnic community. She focuses her studies in the Japanese immigration experiences during the time when many Americans were scared with the influx of immigrants from Asia. The book shows a vivid picture of how Cortex Japanese endured violence, discriminations during Anti-Asian legislation and prejudice in 1920s, the Great Depression of 1930s, and the internment of 1940s. It also shows an examination of the adjustment period after the end of World War II and their return to the home place.
The Japanese American Relocation in the U.S. was considered a dark time in which American will forever be ashamed of. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, a rash of fear about national security was launched. Many believed that there were Japanese spies in America, so President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066 that would relocate all Japanese-Americans to designated areas in which they could be “protected” from harm of Americans who were against those of Japanese race. This order would intern around 110,000 to 120,000 Japanese-Americans. They lived in overcrowded areas and necessary supplies were often insufficient to meet the necessities of the internees. In 1942 a riot broke out that resulted in the death of two people and nine were wounded. One of the internees had said “ "If we were put there for our protection, why were the guns at the guard towers pointed inward, instead of outward?" Manifesting the realization that they were not placed in those camps to protect them but to protect non-Japanese Americans.
With Hitler thinking he could rule mankind he not only put Jews through what they went through but he also included other races he was also disgusted with homosexuals and hated them so he always put homosexuals through the stages of the Pick up, to the ghettos and to the concentration camps. Hitler and other high class men had many followers because Hitler was so passionate about what he said to the public and he was a strong smart man with a plan so Germans and his army felt uplifted of his plans and what he said. Hitler was so persuasive he changed the public’s opinion on the Jews and other people so many people joined the Nazis and followed Hitler in his reign of terror.
Personal experience and reflexivity should be used within anthropology as a tool to reflect on the culture that is being studied and not a refocusing of attention on the self. Works such as Dorinne Kondo’s “Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self,” use the idea of reflexivity as a mirror in which to view the culture being studied in a different manner. This use of reflexivity allows for the focus to stay on the culture being studied. A move away from this is the new branch of humanistic anthropology represented in this essay by Renato Rosaldo’s “Grief and a Headhunter’s Rage” and Ruth Behar’s “Anthropology that Breaks Your Heart” allows anthropologists to use reflexivity as a way to explore universal human feelings. For me, this is not the study of anthropology as much as self-reflexive psychology. The focus shifts from culture to self. The anthropologists completely understands the feelings of the people he/she is studying. I think that it is rather ambitious to state that emotion is univeral, and I do not think that it is the job of anthropologists to do so. The reflexive voice is a necessary aspect of ethnographic writing, but the anthropologist must be careful not to shift focus from concentrating on culture to concentrating on herself.
Anthropologists conduct fieldwork by studying people, their behaviours, and their culture. This is done in the field by actively striving to interpret and understand the world from the perspective of those studied (Powdermaker, 1968, Keesing 1981). Anthropological participant-observation includes a “deep immersion into the life of a people” (Keesing, 1981 p.16) with an aim to produce an ethnography that accurately details the experience in a holistic and valuable style (Powdermaker, 1968, Keesing 1981). Generally, full participation in a culture is thought to reduce the interference the researcher has on the behaviour of the informants (Seymour- Smith, 1986). Participant-observation is still widely used by anthropologists as it offers deeply insightful real world accounts which are difficult to achieve using other methods (Seymour-Smith, 1986, Li,
No one knows for certain why Hitler hated the Jews, but it is a good guess to say World War One and his childhood made him the way he was during World War Two. Hitler will always be looked at as evil, mentally unstable, and racist but I think he could have turned out a great person if born under different circumstances. He had the qualities to be a general in the army or president of the United States! I am not saying Hitler was a great guy, but I think anyone could have turned out the way he did if we had to walk a mile in his shoes.
In addition, shortly thereafter, she and a small group of American business professionals left to Japan. The conflict between values became evident very early on when it was discovered that women in Japan were treated by locals as second-class citizens. The country values there were very different, and the women began almost immediately feeling alienated. The options ...
It analyzes similarities and differences in various cultures and societies. Culture is learned and affects our perception of the world throughout our life. Overtime, a sense of cultural superiority is formed amongst individuals who are constantly exposed to their own culture. Anthropology can help eliminate culturally based biases, also known as ethnocentrism. It is a common practice we all in engage in when evaluating other cultures, however, by practicing anthropology this allows us to learn about other cultures by placing themselves into the cultural environment allows us to learn the traditions and customs by experience. Marjorie Shostak`s study of the !Kung people revealed that they organized themselves differently than Western cultures, which included solving conflicts with discussion, communal behavior, and basic living traditions. Moreover, by interviewing and living in this cultural environment, Shostak was able to empathize with the !Kung people and she also considered that all humans share an emotional life, which is important when studying the history of our human
Anthropology is concerned with studying human beings, both in the past and present. From another perspective, Anthropology is the study of the “Other” or of populations whose culture is different from one’s own. The questioning of these differences in prior centuries led to theories of inherent biological distinctions between Westerners and non-Westerners as well as divisions in evolutionary characteristics of their cultures. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, in a chapter of his book entitled “Anthropology and the Savage Slot: The Poetics and Politics of Otherness”, argues that Anthropology as an academic discipline acquired these theoretical outlooks before its emergence as an actual discipline. As a result, “Anthropology fills a pre-established compartment within a wider symbolic field, the ‘Savage’ slot” (Trouillot 2003:9). By utilizing the resource of Trouillot as well as Moberg, Perry, and Moore, I will illustrate that the Savage Slot and the “Savage” or “Other” are theoretical concepts fashioned with the creation of the West and consequently the field of Anthropology.
From perfectionist firstborns to demanding lastborn, we are affected by birth order. Our personality can be affected by birth order. Birth order effects personality but there are many other factors that make up a personality. I see it all over in the world today. My friend is a firstborn and he gets what he wants, but with force. My sister is a lastborn and she gets what she wants, but with whining and crying. Middle children are usually the best of the lot. That’s me. I am just perfect, I have most of the second born qualities but I have a lot of firstborn too.