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Women's roles in american literature
Women's roles in american literature
Women's roles in american literature
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"[M]otherhood was invented by someone who had to have a word for it because the ones that had the children didn 't care whether there was a word for it or not," Addie Bundren reflects from beyond the grave in As I Lay Dying (171). Though she can hardly be considered the paragon of motherhood, Addie 's words have a degree of truth to them which can be interpreted in more than one way. Perhaps mothers don 't need a word for motherhood because their experience is one that transcends language. Or perhaps it is only men and childless women who care about defining motherhood, because those who are mothers have realized "that living [is] terrible and that this [is] the answer to it," and thus have no desire to concern themselves with the definition of a meaningless term (As I Lay Dying 171). The latter appears to be the case for Addie, whose favoritism and passive aggressiveness lead to the horrible neglect of almost every one of her five children, but specifically of her only daughter, Dewey Dell. In contrast, Ellen Sutpen 's understanding of the terribleness of living and her own dysfunctional relationships lead her to seek happiness in an illusory world of wealth and status, to the neglect of her only daughter Judith. Both …show more content…
I did not ask for them," Addie calmly explains, making it clear that motherhood was not an aspiration of hers to begin with (AILD 174). Even so, her explanation of Dewey Dell 's birth is particularly aloof: "I gave Anse Dewey Dell to negative Jewel" (AILD 176). It seems that in Addie 's eyes, the meaning of Dewey Dell 's existence lies in negating the unexpected birth of Addie 's illegitimate son Jewel. The girl 's only purpose is to help with "cleaning up the house" (AILD 176) – first metaphorically, in helping Addie to set her affairs straight so that Addie can begin "getting ready to stay dead" (AILD 175), and then literally, once Addie has died and Dewey Dell is the only woman left in the Bundren
After witnessing Abigail’s affair with Detective Len Fenerman, Susie recalls when as a young child, her mother used to tell her tales of mythology, such as Zeus and Persephone, rather than princess fairytales like most mothers would. The young mom liked to recount these stories because “she had gotten her master’s in English―having fought tooth and nail with Grandma Lynn to go so far in school―and still held on to vague ideas of teaching when the two of us were old enough to be left on our own” (Sebold 149). As mentioned, becoming a mother to Susie and Lindsey forced her to press pause on her ambitions to step further in her career and education. However, she held on to these dreams since there would be an opportunity to carry out what she had planned when her children grew up and no longer needed round-the-clock attention or care. These hopes were quickly crushed after the birth of Buckley, the third child in the Salmon family. Abigail realizes that she would be forever constrained to motherhood “since suburban life, for women, meant commitment to home and family, to house care and child care” (Hacht 143). Since she became a wife and mother in the late 1950s, Abigail Salmon represents how many women felt during the Seventies as ideologies of feminism and motherhood clashed. To these women, domesticity
“God’s will be done, now I can get teeth,” Anse says after Addie’s death. To some people, it may seem weird that someone wants new teeth, and to others, it might make them wonder if he’s sad about his wife’s death. Anse Bundren, a middle-aged man, has a reputation of being a lazy and selfish person. But how does that play a role in As I Lay Dying? How has Anse’s relationship with his family, his wife, and himself affect the outcome of the story? Another thing about Anse is his view of Addie’s death. How has Anse Bundren become dead in the story, but is really still alive?
People tend to isolate women and young girls in this time especially if they had rebelled. Dewey Dell has got herself caught in a situation she does not now how to get out of. Dewey feels she has no one else to turn to because of her loneliness so she begins to turn to men. Dewey thought that the men she was surrounding herself with truly loved her and could make her feel happy and not alone. Love is a vicious force in Dewey life (Kincaid). Dewey finds herself getting farther away from humanity. Dewey does not understand the depth of love. Addie not showing her the love Dewey needs growing up makes her feel abandoned. Anse continues to use his children and Dewey does not have a true father figure she needs in her life. Dewey feels abandonment her whole life. She never has anyone to tell her right from wrong or to give her guidance. She does not expect men to treat her with respect because she never sees the respect that she deserved from
One of the main themes in As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner is the concept of isolation and loneliness of not just the characters in the book, but humanity itself. Each character is essentially isolated from all the others, as the plot is told through each of the characters’ perspectives through stream of consciousness. As a result of Faulkner’s use of multiple narratives, the reader does not attain an objective third person viewpoint of everything that occurs. The closest the reader gets to an omniscient narrator is Darl Bundren as he is able to relate events that occur while not having been present at the time. Although the Bundrens live together as well as make the journey to Jefferson, it is through their inherent isolation and loneliness that they cannot effectively communicate with each other which ultimately leads to Darl’s fateful actions.
With a husband and two children at the age of twenty eight, Edna Pontillier realized that the mother-wife life was not for her. With her new found independence Edna’s husband was unsure of how to handle his new untraditional wife. “I came to consult—no, not precisely to consult—to talk to you about Edna. I don't know what ails her.”(pg. 109) Mr. Pontillier is a loving and good husband but, his slight narcissistic personality causes him to lose touch with his wife. Mr. Pontillier buys Edna bonbons and compliments her in front of their friends but it would seem that he enjoys spending time with his friends and working more than he values his time with his wife. “Coming back to dinner?" his wife called after him. He halted a moment and shrugged his shoulders.”(pg. 8) The only reason Mrs. Pontillier stays with her husband for so long is because of her children. Although the Pontillier children are not major characters they help demonstrate her true commitment. Edna would rather die than let her children think their mother left them to be with another man. “She thought of Leonce and the children. They were a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body...
Ah, love. Love is so often a theme in many a well-read novel. In the story, As I Lay Dying, one very important underlying theme is not simply love, but the power to love. Some of the characters have this ability; some can only talk about it. Perhaps more than anyone, Addie and Jewel have this power- one which Jewel, by saving his mother twice, merges with his power to act. As the Bible would have it, he does "not love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth" (1 John 3:18).
When intensive mothers are busy with thier responsibilities in the public sphere, due to their belief that a mother is the central caregiver, their temporary replacement must exclusively be female (Hays 414). Even with a female nanny who “leaves the place in a mess, makes a petty point of not putting the dishwasher on […], never gives the correct change from the supermarket and “loses” all the receipts” (Pearson 84), Kate still makes every effort to keep the nanny in her family. From the perspective of intensive mothers, men are not capable of providing the same quality of care that a woman is able to provide (Hays 414). From a gender essentialist perspective, Kate argues that “Emily and Ben need me, and it’s me that they want. […] Daddy is the ocean; Mummy is the port, the safe haven they nestle in to gain the courage to venture farther and farther out each time” (Pearson 169). Therefore, intensive mothers find “alternate mothers,” that is, credentialed female child-care providers (Hays 412) such as Paula, Kate’s nanny, as well as Jo, Alice’s nanny who are able to promote the intellectual enrichment of their
Many mothers, regardless of age or situation, share sympathetic life ideals. They all share the common goal of raising their children wholesome; they want to create an environment of love, nurture, and support for their children as well. A mother’s effort to implant good values in her children is perpetual; they remain optimistic, doing all that they can for their children, and hope that they would eventually become prosperous. However, some women were not fit to be mothers. Thus, two different roles of a mother are portrayed in As I Lay Dying written by William Faulkner. Faulkner uses the literary technique of first person narrative with alternating perspectives. By doing so, Faulkner adds authenticity and the ability to relate (for some) to the two characters Addie Bundren and Cora Tull. The first person narrative acts as an important literary technique because it allows the reader to experience the opposing views of Addie and Cora; they are both mothers who act as foils to each other because of their diverse opinions and outlooks on motherhood, religion and life.
Looking back on the death of Larissa’s son, Zebedee Breeze, Lorraine examines Larissa’s response to the passing of her child. Lorraine says, “I never saw her cry that day or any other. She never mentioned her sons.” (Senior 311). This statement from Lorraine shows how even though Larissa was devastated by the news of her son’s passing, she had to keep going. Women in Larissa’s position did not have the luxury of stopping everything to grieve. While someone in Lorraine’s position could take time to grieve and recover from the loss of a loved one, Larissa was expected to keep working despite the grief she felt. One of the saddest things about Zebedee’s passing, was that Larissa had to leave him and was not able to stay with her family because she had to take care of other families. Not only did Larissa have the strength to move on and keep working after her son’s passing, Larissa and other women like her also had no choice but to leave their families in order to find a way to support them. As a child, Lorraine did not understand the strength Larissa must have had to leave her family to take care of someone else’s
Gault, Cinda. "The Two Addies: Maternity and Language in William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying and Alice Munro's Lives of Girls and Women." American Review of Canadian Studies 36.3 (2006): 440. Academic One File. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
Author Christine Mitchell’s “When Living is a Fate Worse Than Death” told the story of a girl Haitian named Charlotte. Charlotte was born with her brain partially positioned outside of her cranium which had to be removed or she would have not survived. Her skull had to be concealed by a wrap in order not to cause further damage. Charlotte was born with less brain cells which allowed her only to breath and not feel much of the pain. Charlotte’s parents thought that the doctor’s in Haiti did not know what was best for their daughter. The doctors in Haiti thought Charlotte should not be resuscitated, undergo anymore horrible treatments and die peacefully. Charlotte’s parents were not happy with the doctor’s guidelines and thought the United States medical care would have better technology and could save their daughter. Charlotte’s parents bought her a doll which
For Addie it is because Jewel is her own child, and not Anse’s; However in Jewel’s case he has what Tyson would call an oedipal fixation, which is, “A dysfunctional bond with a parent [the mother] that we don’t outgrow in adulthood and that doesn’t allow us to develop mature relationships with our peers” (16). This complex is the reason why Jewel is incapable of forming relationships with his family. For example, Jewels relationship with Cash; Jewel’s complains about Cash, and how he is building Addie’s coffin in front of her: “See what a good one I am making for you” (Faulkner 16). Jewel mocks Cash in this instance because he is overly possessive of his mother and is incapable of understanding that this is Cash’s way of expressing his love; highlighting Jewels ornery traits. Furthermore, Tyson introduces the thought of condensation, which is the idea that, “we use a single dream image or event to represent more than one unconscious wound or conflict.”(18). In Jewels only section of the novel he depicts a dream he had where he is with his mother alone in the hills where she can rest in peace while he
Richard Gary writes the literary analysis for Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying. In his writing Gray claims that the Bundrens are ultimately the carnival or “a comical operation of dismemberment.” Faulkner’s characters are outcasts among the other Southern folks in their county talked about in stories and legends. However we as the readers will never know exactly who the Bundrens’ are, because Gary believes, “Just when we think we have a clear picture of who someone like Dewey Dell, and can place her as an attractive, emotionally generous but rather simple minded country girl, our assumptions are suddenly undermined.” Therefore just like the carnival we forget who they are and in an instant they will be gone and moving on.
Addie, the late matriarch of the Bundren family , questioned existence through the use of words. Addie distrusted words, she believed if someone puts a feeling or experience into words, then they were trying to make up for the lack of. For her, she never really used words to express herself, she kind of just showed through her actions, she figured that to be the only way
Given American obsessions with male mythologies, the writers of American fiction seem to challenge the basic assumptions of American culture. Specially, the Black female writers create and challenge ideals in representing the mother. While on the one hand we see recurring use of the Good mother of mythology, and virtues associated with the life principle (birth, warmth, nourishment, protection, fertility, growth, abundance, etc.). On the other hand. we also see dark and mysterious mothers performing negative roles associated with the Earth Mother. This paper seeks to question the ideals of motherhood and maternity in Black American fiction with special reference to the central mother figure in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and to see if the roles of mother can be analyzed in altruistic terms alone or as something that is determined by the social conditions prevailing at a given moment.