Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Ethics and nursing research
Ethics and nursing research
Ethical issues in health research
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
The Belmont Report is a statement of the basic ethical principles and guidelines based on the assisting and resolving the ethical problem surrounding the human subjects. The Belmont repot was created on July 12, 1974, from the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. During the mid-1970 a committee was formed for the purpose of providing guidance in human subject’s research. Their main goal is to discuss on what should be the general ethical recommendation to the human concern. They also want assemble the general rule relevant to the ethical concern from the human subject and ethical principles. They also wanted to provide moral guidance in the context of their The Belmont Report attempts …show more content…
The list started rejection of the brutal or inhumane treatment in the experiment as never morally justified. the Belmont Report was also written in response to some of the major violations of the 1950’s and 1960’s, but it was also formulated the two decades after the Nazi experiments of World War II(). Having acknowledged and prevent the inhuman actions formerly taken in the name of science, the list also mentioned the four more conditions, in which two of them was widely …show more content…
The risk necessary to reach the objectives should be permitted, and the determination should be made whether the alternative procedures involves in lessen the risk was available. The second list stated that the risks must be reveal in the consent form. The other final two list deals with vulnerable population that when vulnerable populations participate in the research, special precautions must be taken into account to avoid risk. The other risk is the case of serious harm. For example, when there is risk of serious impairment or harm, the committees should be extraordinarily insistent on inspecting the agreement and identifying the good reason for exposing the participants to the significant risk of a serious harm. Furthermore, The Systematic Assessment of Risks and Benefits section fails to mention whether or how the prospect of the benefit to the society should weigh into the calculus, and how it might be justify risk and harms. The decision was also made in the name of respect to the persons and their autonomy may result in different
Belmont Report (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Retrieved from hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html
1. Capp, Marshall B. "Ethical and Legal Issues in Research Involving Human Subjects: Do You Want a Piece of Me? -- Kapp 59 (4): 335 -- Journal of Clinical Pathology." BMJ Journals. J Clin Pathol, 18 Jan. 2006. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
The IRB is an administrative body which has been established to make sure research participants' rights are protected. IRBs review all aspects of the researchers' project: the study design, the recruitment process, the participant population, the informed consent document and process, the risk/benefit ratio, privacy and confidentiality, data storage and protection, and safeguards for vulnerable participants (University of St. Francis, n.d.). In this way, participants' rights are protected because the effort is made even before the research begins. The review process ensures that participants are chosen fairly and informed adequately and the information collected during research is safeguarded through collection, use, and storage. Research using human participants is such an important part of medicine that it is imperative it is performed in a way that its intrigue is not compromised.
When explaining the brutality of the research Baruch C. Cohen in "Jewish Law Articles" says the "acts of torture were characterized by several shocking features: (1) persons were forced to become subjects in very dangerous studies against their will. (2) Nearly all subjects endured incredible suffering, mutilation, and indescribable pain. (3) The experiments often were deliberately designed to terminate in a fatal outcome for their victims."
There are ethical implications at every stage of the research process, including the choiceof topic to research, the selection of the design and the publication of the findings. There are 6 etical principles (ICN 2003) the health care professionals can use to guard their patients (or) clients from harm.
The dropping and the atomic bomb and the continued use of human subjects during scientific testing in the 20th century continues to be a controversial subject. It is because the actions carried out saved many lives and that those hurt were informed and volunteered that these methods were moral. It is because of the debate surrounding these actions that science has continued to evolve. From these earlier practices, more rigid experimental methods are enforced. These new regulations protect the patient and continue to ensure that those sacrificing their safety to aid others are not injured without fully understanding the risks involved. The modern world will continue to benefit from the actions taken by the United States during the 20th century.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (1979). The Belmont report. Office of Human Research Protections: Washington D.C. Retrieved on Febuary 8th, 2014, from http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html.
In the United States, the basis for ethical protection for human research subjects in clinical research trials are outlined by the Belmont Report developed in the late 1970’s. This document, published by the Nation Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, highlights three important basic principles that are to be considered when any clinical trial will involve human research subjects. They are; respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (Chadwick & Gunn, 2004)
There are weaknesses in professional guidelines and rules because they are unable to provide the directives for moral reasoning and action is health care situations. Many people state that biomedical ethics provides a framework and emphasis on the person rather than the professional code and legal policy (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). On the other hand they serve a purpose to provide some direction for professionals however codes of practise do not dismiss.
The basic significance of Belmont Report is to summarize the guidelines and ethical principles regarding the protection of human subjects involved in the research. The significance in terms of principles that guide human research today is as follows.
20 Feb. 2014. Nardo, Don. A. Biomedical Ethics.
Informed consent is a very serious decision a patient has to make when it comes to their health and consenting to procedures that are believed to cure or treat their current health status. It is important to address the effectiveness of the role a physician play in the informed consent process assuring that the patient has given truly informed consent and what safeguards can be put in place to assure the patient is exercising informed consent. Informed consent is based on the fact that the person consenting is a rational individual that is aware of the action to which he/she is consenting. Allen and McNamara (2011) notes that "On the standard understanding, the important elements of informed consent are the provision of information, the voluntariness of the choice and the competence of the chooser to make the choice— so the potential research participant should be provided with information relevant to the decision to participate, they should be able to choose freely about their participation and they should be competent to decide.
In December 1946, the War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg indicted 20 Nazi physicians and 3 administrators for their willing participation in carrying out the harmful research on unwilling human subjects. Thus, Nuremberg code was the first international code for the ethics to be followed during human subject research. It was permissible medical experiments implemented in August 1947. The code also provides few directives for clinical trials (3). Syphilis study at Tuskegee in 1974 was the most influential event that led to the HHS Policy for Protecti...
...to find out something when they use children. The Tuskegee experiment exhibit how cruel researcher can also be, and how racial society was in 1932. The experiments show what can happen without regulations. There should be values and regulations to guide research in these experiments. Concluding, some experiments have the tendency to destroy the lives of the humans that have been experimented on.
The history of medical research in the twentieth century provides abundant evidence which shows how easy it is to exploit individuals, especially the sick, the weak, and the vulnerable, when the only moral guide for science is a naive utilitarian dedication to the greatest good for the greatest number. Locally administered internal review boards were thought to be a solution to the need for ethical safeguards to protect the human guinea pig. However, with problems surrounding informed consent, the differentiation between experimentation and treatment, and the new advances within medicine, internal review boards were found to be inadequate for the job. This led to the establishment of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission by President Bill Clinton in the hopes of setting clear ethical standards for human research.