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The science of catapults
The science of catapults
The science of catapults
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History of Catapults
Catapults are a very well known type of weapon. Yet not as many people know the true history of these fine instruments of siege warfare. Many people believe that catapults where a new and very often used technology in Medieval Ages, but the first catapults are said to have come during the time between 400 B.C.E. and 300 B.C.E. by the Chinese. Gee, they’ve pretty much invented everything. Anyways, the Middle Ages didn’t “start” until 476, so saying the catapult was first built at the latest date, it’s still 776 years until the Middle Ages. The first recorded use of siege in these ages of Middle timeline? The Viking siege of Paris, which started in 885 C.E. This brings our grand total up to 1,285 years of catapult evolution.Misinterpretations aside, we come to the true history. While not much detail is given of the Chinese catapults, I can state for certain that they were 8 feet tall. The next people to use the katapultos as they liked to call it, were the Greek. They were first used, in Greece, by Philip of Macedon, whose catapults could hurl rocks farther than any Chinese catapult. They were built using rope, wood, and animal guts. You read me right, guts. They would also use animal tendons and horsehair as their “rubber bands” because obviously, those didn’t exist yet. These powerful technological beasts were like the atom bomb of Ancient Greece era warfare. They were new, destructive, and feared by everyone except the owners. In fact, one military engineer stated that walls needed to be 15 feet thick to withstand these evil and fast-flying rocks. Before long, catapults were also brought to sea, revolutionizing sea warfare, also.
Next to find the catapults handy were the Romans. The catapults held on to the...
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...mely devastating, extremely scary, and, along with the catapult and siege tower, was used by the orcs in the Lord of the Rings. This was first used in the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta in 424 B.C.E.
Parts of a Catapult
Works Cited
Newcomb, Rain, Bobby Mercer, and Tom LaBaff. "Catapults." Smash It!, Crash It!, Launch It!: 50 Mind-blowing, Eye-popping Science Experiments. New York: Lark, 2006. 50-53. Print.
Vecchione, Glen. "Mechanics and Motion." 100 Award-winning Science Fair Projects. New York: Sterling Pub., 2001. 133. Print.
Woods, Michael, and Mary B. Woods. "Ancient Greece." Ancient Warfare: From Clubs to Catapults. Minneapolis: Runestone, 2000. 70-75. Print
. Millward, Adam. "Siege Warfare Weapons." How It Works. How It Works Daily, 23 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .
This is a brief paragraph or two on each of the major siege weapons. For the not just the besiegers but also the defenders. Please note most of these weapons were not used alone and often had many different versions of the same weapon.
“The trebuchet reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century C.E. It displaced other forms of artillery and held its own until well after the coming of gunpowder. The trebuchet was instrumental in the rapid expansion of both the Islamic and the Mongol empires. It also played a part in the transmission of the Black Death, the epidemic of plague that swept Eurasia and the North Africa during the 14th century. Along the way it seems to have influenced both the development of clockwork and the theoretical analyzes of motion”2.
The Purpose of this lab is to use the impulse and momentum concepts to explain what happens when the eggs are dropped onto various objects.
Archimedes Iron Claw was one of Archimedes’ greatest inventions. It was incredible machine, the likes of which had never been seen before and was likely never seen again after the Second Punic War. The claw was employed in the year 213 B.C.E. when Roman warships attacked the coastline of Syracuse. Archimedes employed an ingenious system of long range catapults and ballistae along with the iron claw and other machines for surprising any enemies that got within close range of the wall. Part of the genius of the iron claw is that, by Polybius’s description, it seems to have been operable by only one man while having the power to take out an entire quinquereme weighing roughly 100 metric tons.
Before the days of gunpowder, the military used large timber machines to hurl rocks, arrows and flaming barrels of tar at and into castles and forts. In ancient times, in order to prevent attacks from invaders, forts and castles are built for protection. These castles and forts had very strong walls and were sometimes placed high on top of a hill or such. Therefore, people within the military often build machines and structures to aid in attacking castles. These machines were called catapults, which didn’t use explosives like today’s military weapons, instead they used energy which was stored in bent timber and sinew, twisted ropes or heavy weights. A catapult is a machine that initially stores energy and then releases energy in order to fire a projectile. In simple terms, it is a device that is used to hurl an object to a further distance. In order to be classified as a catapult, the machine generally has to be larger than an average person, which logically makes it difficult for the said person to carry. The first catapults were early
Military History: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Objects of Warfare. New York: DK Publishing, Inc., 2012. Print.
The crossbow is a weapon of antiquity. There is plausible evidence that the Chinese developed the weapon as early as 1500 BC Surviving examples exist in China from as far back as the third century BC These Han dynasty relics display a great deal of sophistication. The lock (chi) is comprised of a cast bronze box which holds a rotating nut and a two-lever seer and trigger that locks the release in a set position. Roman soldiers captured and ransomed in Sogdiana in central Asia in the first decades of modern reckoning are credited with bringing the technology of the crossbow to the West.
Catapults have been traced back to many different civilizations throughout history, but its modern origins are usually attributed to the Greeks and the ancient scientist Archimedes who designed them (Paul 58). We know that in 339 A.D. Dionysius ordered their design in Syracus (Hansen), but their history goes back even further. The first recorded description of the catapult found in the Bible 2,800 years ago (Paul 58). One passage gives the following description of a ruler of the kingdom of Judah :
The first catapult was invented around 400 BC in the Greek Town of Syracuse. The leader of the townspeople, Dionysius the elder orders the research and development of weapons to prepare the colony for a long war with the Carthage, one of the weapons devised is called the Gastraphete, similar to the crossbow but a greater force must be exerted to release of a larger and more powerful projectile. The Greeks were so impressed that they persevered to develop a bigger and more powerful version of the Gastraphete called the ballista. The Romans took inspiration from the Greeks to create their own catapult, within a few years of development, the Romans have successfully created the mangonel as a lighter alternative to the ballista and wheels are added to increase mobility. Unlike the ballista, the mangonel is less accurate although has a superior range and can hurl projectiles weighing up to 200 pounds. The mangonel reached Europe during the medieval era and was used extensively by the French. It was then introduced to England in 1216 when the French besieged Dover. The mangonel was later refined by the French into the first version of the catapu...
For using in siege warfare, people believe that catapult history began probably in the 300s AD.
A type of weapon that was used a lot during sieges in the Middle Ages were catapults. “Catapults were a weapon used during the Middle Ages (Medieval period) in siege warfare. Catapults were devices for hurling stones or other objects” ("Catapults"). “There were many different types of catapults such as The Ballista - The Ballista was similar to a Giant Crossbow and by using tension. The Trebuchet - The massive Trebuchet consisted of a lever and a sling and was capable of hurling stones weighing 200 pounds with a range of up to about 300 yards. The Mangonel - Missiles were launched from a bowl-shaped bucket at the end of the one giant arm of the Mangonel”. ("Catapults") Catapults were used for invading Castile’s and sieges.
These kinds of weapons were impractical for military use, but attracted many people to the arms race for weapons that could sweep the battlefield. “They had limitations in practice, among them slow re...
Mechanical Engineering 130.2 (2008): 6 - 7. Academic Search Complete. Web. The Web. The Web.
When we take a look back at all of the Crusades that took place in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, we see that the Crusades brought many new ideas and inventions to the rest of the world. Most of the contributions that the Crusades have made have been to warfare, arms and armor. The weapon has evolved over time and began with “the rock and the club proceeded through the sling and boomerang, bow and arrow, sword and axe, to gunpowder weapons of the rifle and machine gun of the late nineteenth century” . Throughout the Crusades we saw the introduction to new ideas such as siege towers, fortifications, pitched battles, ranged weapons, polearms, and blunt hand weapons. The question that I will be focusing on throughout my paper will be, how the warfare of the Middle Ages, specifically the Crusades, impact warfare of the modern day? I will be looking at both the Muslims and the Christians and will be covering the time period from 1000-1300.
The system and technique of supplying an arrow with kinetic energy through the tension of limbs has been improved with the crossbow. The big catapults took up once again the principle of throwing stones. It all changed with the invention of the gunpowder. Cannons, guns and handheld weapons assumed the role of bow and arrow. Now, the warlike intention behind the long-distance effect went even more into the foreground.