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Age of enlightenment
Effects of the enlightenment era
Chapter 8: the age of enlightenment
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Enlightenment, which can be defined as a time when philosophers emphasized the use of reason to understand truth as well as the emergence of the belief that the power of human knowledge and reason can improve human society. Its scholars shared a critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness, and hostility to authority. These ideas influenced the conditions that would result in the French Revolution because they gave people the notion that they should have representation in their government. One enlightenment idea that was incorporated into these events was inalienable rights. This was John Locke’s idea of life, liberty, and property for all people. This idea was included in France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man, which was the declaration that guaranteed protection from arbitrary arrest and the approval of the people to taxation. It endorsed free communication of ideas, but with the provision that this freedom was subject to legal restrictions against abuse. Another enlightenment idea was that people had the right to stand up for what they believed in. In the French Revolution, the French people revolted against their government and over-threw the monarchy because of the special treatment (such as tax exemptions and special privileges) given to the nobility and aristocratic classes. This proves that these idea’s were more than just words or philosophies but had real meaning in how people wanted to be treated, governed, and how they desire to live their lives. People would go so far as to risk their own lives and that of their families to ensure that they and future generations could live free and prosper.
I was a peasant in our class bag activity. For me, the most important enlightenment idea we discussed was inal...
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...also made the entire country a better place for the people of France and for the world around France. It made France a better place for culture and progress. But it wasn’t just a success after the revolution. It paved the way for France’s long-term future. Generations after generations following the revolution also benefitted because of the sacrifices made by those who fought in the revolution. Their blood and their lives were a great and worthwhile sacrifice so that their children and their children’s children could live better lives. It also made the history and greatest of their homeland better. France is a place that many people want to visit because of the country it is today. It has had some of the world’s greatest artist, architecture, and historical landmarks, all of which may not have been possible without the revolution of the peasants happening.
The enlightenment ideas affected politics for both the French and the American peoples through the form of government and individual rights. Thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed in the individual right of man as a citizen of a sovereign nation. In 1789, Marquis de Lafayette used Rousseau and other free thinker’s ideas to draft his Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to the National Constituent Assembly in France (http://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/revolution/america_france.html). This established universal rights for individuals that always existed at all times. The document shows many similarities to American documents such as the declaration of Human Rights in the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights in the Constitution. For instance, they all show a relationship through the declaration of individual rights such as free speech and freedom of religion. However, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen focuses more on individualism while American documents focus more on a community “We the People” (http://www.pbs.org/marieantoin...
News spread throughout the rest of the world that England’s American colony had overthrown their British government with a war. A period called "The Enlightenment" sparked the American Revolution. During this time, philosophers and lawmakers focused on basic human rights and creating a balanced government. Ideas from the Declaration of Independence which came from these philosophers, inspired the people of France to develop a sense of natural rights in French government. Since their current government gave the people very little natural rights, they rebelled.
John Locke’s ideas on creating a government by the people and Voltaire’s ideas on practicing any religion shows how many enlightenment philosophers wanted people to live peacefully with others and the society. The ideas of many philosophers helped shape the capitalist, democratic world in which we live today. Today's government was created with a legislative and executive branch, like what Locke suggested and women have more rights, such as getting education and jobs that are same as those of men. Enlightenment philosophers main ideas on increasing human rights and equality helped create a better society during the Enlightenment period and
The citizens of France, inspired by the enlightenment, desired a government run by the people. Marquis de Lafayette wrote, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights; social distinctions may be based only upon general usefulness” (de Lafayette 783). The French wanted to bring equality to all classes. The French revolution brought much more social change than the American revolution. Inspired by Lafayette’s declaration that, “no group, no individual may exercise authority not emanating expressly therefrom” (de Lafayette 783), the class system was destroyed. The revolutionaries were open to ending slavery, however women remained marginalized within the social structure of France. Similarly to the American revolution, the enlightenment ideas that drove the French revolution were not applied to society as a
The French Revolution was a tumultuous period, with France exhibiting a more fractured social structure than the United States. In response, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proposed that “ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities, and of the corruption of governments” (National Assembly). This language indicates that the document, like its counterpart in the United States, sought to state the rights of men explicitly, so no doubt existed as to the nature of these rights. As France was the center of the Enlightenment, so the Enlightenment ideals of individuality and deism are clearly expressed in the language of the document. The National Assembly stated its case “in
Specifically, the idea that man is endowed with certain liberties that were granted by God and/or nature was advocated by the Enlightenment thinkers. Many people took aim at arbitrary governments and the “divine right of kings.” John Locke in return offered principles of constructing a constitutional government, a contract between rulers and the ruled. In Document 7, John Locke in The Two Treatises of Government stated that men consent to enter society in order to preserve their natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. The government should protect people's natural rights and if not, then the people can remove their consent because the government derives its power from the consent of the people. John Locke wrote during the time period of the Enlightenment; therefore, his thoughts were based on the emerging idea of individualism furthermore man's inherent rights and powers. Thomas Jefferson wrote in The Declaration of Independence (Document 9) that are all men are created equal and that they are endowed with certain natural rights. The Declaration of Independence was written because of England's tyrannical rule over the American colonies thus, the citizens felt that their natural rights were being abused by the English government. Individualism was indeed formed in response to the skepticism of the Church as
One more long-lasting effect from the French Revolution is nationalism. They called fraternity at the time, but both words share the same meaning. The French people fighting for their right to survive and later to protect their borders from foreign powers seeking to restore tyrannical order, produced a sense of pride and brotherhood. No longer being forced to front lines by an unseen monarch hundreds of miles away, the French people started to find, close to heart and empowering reasons, to defend their
There are many different ways in which the Enlightenment affected the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. One way was the by the idea of a Social Contract; an agreement by which human beings are said to have abandoned the "state of nature" in order to form the society in which they now live. HOBBES, LOCKE, and J.J. ROUSSEAU each developed differing versions of the social contract, but all agreed that certain freedoms had been surrendered for society's protection and that the government has definite responsibilities to its citizens. Locke believed that governments were formed to protect the natural rights of men, and that overthrowing a government that did not protect these rights was not only a right, but also an obligation. His thoughts influenced many revolutionary pamphlets and documents, including the Virginia Constitution of 1776, and the Declaration of Independence.
Before the French Revolution that occurred during the late 18th century, France was considered one of the most advanced and opulent countries in Europe. It was in the center of the Enlightenment era, a period of time from the 1600s to the 1800s that is considered today as one of the most significant intellectual movements in history by encouraging a new view of life. The age sparked hundreds of important thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Thomas Paine, and Adam Smith. The Enlightenment was the fuel that sparked a worldwide desire to reshape and reconsider the ways that countries were governed. Limited monarchies, direct democracies, limited democracies, and absolute monarchies, among others, were many forms of government that were disputed by these thinkers. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, one the many significant Enlightenment thinkers, believed in a direct democracy, a system in which a country is governed by many, and where no one person has a considerable amount of power. This idea that citizens should receive independence and a voice would later stimulate the French and result in what is now k...
The Enlightenment was an astonishing time of transformation in Europe. During this time in the eighteenth century there was a progressive movement that was labeled by its criticism of the normal religious, social, and political perceptions. A number of significant thinkers, with new philosophies, had inspired creativeness and change. These thinkers had many different thoughts and views on people and the way they act, and views on the government. Two well-known and most influential thinkers of this time were the English political philosopher John Locke and the French political philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. These two men had laid down some of the intellectual grounds of the modern day government and both had different opinions on what the government’s role in a society.
In the 17th Century, there was much controversy between religion and science. The church supported a single worldview that God’s creation was the center of the universe. The kings and rulers were set in their ways to set the people’s minds to believe this and to never question it. From these ideas, the Enlightenment was bred from the Scientific Revolution.
In both the Enlightenment and French Revolution there were many great ideas. In the Enlightenment there were Locke’s, Voltaire’s, and Montesquieu’s ideas. They were all great ideas about freedom, religion, and the 3 branches of government. Then in the French Revolution there was the Tennis Court Oath. It had lots of great ideas also.
Prior to the revolution, King Louis XVI was at the top of the ancien régime, the social, economic, and political structure in France, which means he had absolute power. When he received the throne in 1774, it came along with insoluble problems. The people were split into three estates which divided social class. The first estate consisted of 100,000 tax exempt nobles who owned 20% of the land. The second estate consisted of the 300,000 tax exempt clergy who owned 10% of the land. The third estate consisted of the remaining 23.5 million French people who were 90% peasants. The third estate was the only estate that paid taxes. Their taxes ensured the financial well-being of the clergy, state, and nobles (French Revolution Overview 6).
The Scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the way that people views the world. Scientific philosophers such as Galileo and Descartes threw out the old teachings of the church and challenged them with new ways of thinking. These men sought to prove that rational thought could prove the existence of God. They also challenged that it was an understanding of a series of rational thoughts, not faith, would bring understanding of how the world worked. Traditional ways of thinking were ultimately challenged by logical and sensible rationale.
The term “Enlightenment” carries with it many different connotations. Most commonly it can be described as a movement towards some type of ultimate insight or awareness, emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. In the 17th century what were once considered some of the most powerful of the social systems, law and politics, were critically rejected and the powers of reason and scientific research were embraced. Along with this shift came a break with tradition and an adoption of a critical stance in regards to modern reality. Kant’s response to this question of enlightenment set the stage for countless arguments on the true meaning of this mysterious concept, and additionally marked a critical point in our existence. This notion that we as humans must obtain Enlightenment was something Kant truly believed in, but his suggestions as to how we obtain this were somewhat controversial and contentious. Nevertheless, his goal was clear. First, people must break free from the “guardians” who regulate the ways in which we think, and second we must illuminate the path so as to light the way for others to follow. This notion of our essential Enlightenment is exactly why Foucault uses the term “blackmail”, because in his eyes there is no need to be for or against Enlightenment. To him the most important aspect of Enlightenment, is that Enlightenment itself is examined as a whole. What Foucault really wants us to do is take a step back, and truly dissect the foundations of autonomy that we seemed to have built many of our structures upon. It is necessary that we draw our own conclusions of Enlightenment based s...