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A market society
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Which end of the bull does our concept of market capitalism come from? Ask your typical American, and they typically term the markets as arcane playgrounds of the wealthy. Ask your typical investor and they consider them a means to an income through trading. But both these modes of thought disparage what financial markets really represent: A sphere of public concern, which guides our collective economic endeavors. By shifting our concept of the markets and therefore how they should function it is within our power to broaden our collective awareness, and to bolster our means to collective self determination.
We ought to begin with a rudimentary description of the financial markets. In the most basic sense, they are constant auction blocks for various deeds of ownership. The most well-known of financial instruments, stocks (also known as shares), represent a partial ownership stake in a corporation, guaranteeing a portion of the company’s value in a sale, as well as voting rights over the corporation’s leadership. In this way the markets should be thought to function as a ‘democratization’ of capitalism, whereby investors determine what our collective economic efforts should be put towards. Since much of our society is economic in nature, the markets move our lives and national priorities.
But this idea of the financial markets is at present perverted instead into a view of them as a simple money making scheme. Most money in the market is made off of day trading, rather than long term investment. This means that instead of a share’s price being determined by the true worth and stability of a company, that it is mostly beholden to speculation and the “horse race” of the stock market. Instead of rewarding prudent economy-building, ...
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...ect of society. The will of the majority would bear on how our labor and resources are spent. In the interest of promoting egalitarianism as well as prudent leadership, it seems imperative that we begin to make this change.
While investors give lip-service to the idea of the markets as the “engines of capitalism”, their true working definition is entirely different, constituting instead a reckless source of profit. By recategorizing the financial markets as they should be and instituting the appropriate reforms, we can begin to change our society and broaden the scope of our collective understanding. Public control over capital and business administration would represent a substantive increase in the openness and fairness of our way of life. It is this potential benefit which clinches our need to come to terms with the true and meaningful definition of the markets.
The current issues that have been created by the market have trapped our political system in a never-ending cycle that has no solution but remains salient. There is constant argument as to the right way to handle the market, the appropriate regulatory measures, and what steps should be taken to protect those that fail to be competitive in the market. As the ideological spectrum splits on the issue and refuses to come to a meaningful compromise, it gets trapped in the policy cycle and in turn traps the cycle. Other issues fail to be handled as officials drag the market into every issue area and forum as a tool to direct and control the discussion. Charles Lindblom sees this as an issue that any society that allows the market to control government will face from the outset of his work.
According to Karl Polanyi, a market is a meeting place for the purpose of exchange and transaction (Polanyi 1957, 56). The prompt states that a standard view of market holds that most or all values are external to the logic of self-interested, mutually beneficial exchange. Karl Polanyi and Friedrich Hayek analyze this view of market in their writings and evaluate it according to their own beliefs. Hayek seems to agree with the standard view. He believes that values like the concern for justice or the minimizing of people suffering are not embedded in the market, but are external from it. He supports this view by introducing the concept of what he calls “catallaxy.” Polanyi, however, takes an opposing view to externalized values by saying that values are, in fact, embedded in the market. He presents an overview of how history supports this view.
...hown to be a fundamental socioeconomic transformation. My paper has shown many aspects of the market society, by using a number of theorists’ concepts. I focused on the characteristics of a market society, as well as why this transformation from traditional society was so significant. I also discussed the changes that have taken place in the workplace and the impact on the workers, which these material conditions became apparent throughout time. Lastly, I explained Weber’s idea of “economic rationality” and the worldview of people in a market society, to show how workers rationalized the work they put into the production and distribution of material goods. Generally, this paper’s purpose was to show how the market society has established itself over time, and how both material and ideological conditions interacted and changed the ways we view market society today.
One of the most common major types of economic systems in the world today is capitalism. In its simplest terms, capitalism can be defined as an economic system in which a country’s trade and industry are run by private organizations for profit. So within capitalism major industries such as manufacturing, energy, banks, transportation, medicine and more are not run by the government. The earliest forms of capitalism can be traced to the 17th century English Puritans who possessed a strong work ethic that focused an importance on productive labor. Modern capitalism is said to have started in the mid-18th century with the birth of factories. Factory owners were able to maximize wealth by making goods that were in-demand and also by streamlining labor. For capitalism to work. supply and demand is typically unregulated by government. It is based on the f...
Market crashes are not a new phenomenon but the most disturbing fact about the financial crisis of 2008, was that it was self-inflicted. What started as a credit crunch during the early 2006, turned into a fully-blown recession by mid-2008.The world’s financial system received a huge shock in September 2008, with the collapse of The Lehman Brothers, one of the biggest global investment banks [3]. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008, was undoubtedly the worst economic slump since the Great Depression of 1930. While the bankers and financers hold the responsibility for the global economic turmoil, the business schools have also, being partially responsible, faced criticism.
This paper aims to provides a full understanding of the free market system and how it can potentially benefit individual’s needs. The free market system is fully explained and classical economist’s views are considered separately as well as in contrast with one another. The specific economists discussed include Ricardo, Marx, and Mill. Their individual opinions on how the free market system could impact the economy is examined and the effects of an economic system controlled by the government is also discussed.
The main objective of this essay is to understand how market society emerged, but first the defintion and characteristics of a market society must be understood. According to Polanyi, “Market economy implies a self-regulating system of markets.... it is an economy directed by market prices and nothing but market prices”(Polanyi 43). Similarily, Heilbroner explains how the market “allows society to ensure its own provisioning”(Heilbroner 12). Both of these explanations describe how the market economy is self regulated, meaning that this “economic system is controlled, regulated and directed by markets alone...
The stock market is a vehicle to invest money. It is where consumers buy and sell fractions of companies, and is referred to as stocks. A proven method to achieve wealth while keeping up with inflation, comprised of publically held companies who offer goods and services that are used by the general public daily. Companies sell stocks to public investors in a free and open market environment on a daily basis, which is an effective strategy to build a sound financial future.
During the 1920s, approximately 20 million Americans took advantage of post-war prosperity by purchasing shares of stock in various securities exchanges. When the stock market crashed in 1929, the fortunes of many investors were lost. In addition, banks lost great sums of money in the Crash because they had invested heavily in the markets. When people feared their banks might not be able to pay back the money that depositors had in their accounts, a “run” on the banking system caused many bank failures. After the crash, public confidence in the market and the economy fell sharply. In response, Congress held hearings to identify the problems and look for solutions; the answer was found in the new SEC. The Commission was established in 1934 to enforce new securities laws that were passed with the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The two new laws stated that “Companies publicly offering securities must tell the public the truth about their businesses, the securities they are selling and the risks involved in the investing.” Secondly, “People who sell and trade securities must treat investors fairly and honestly, putting investors’ interests first.”2
Today, more than ever, there is great debate over politics and which economic system works the best. How needs and wants should be allocated, and who should do the allocating, is one of the most highly debated topics in our current society. Be it communist dictators defending a command economy, free market conservatives defending a market economy, or European liberals defending socialism, everyone has an opinion. While all systems have flaws and merits, it must be decided which system is the best for all citizens. When looking at both the financial well being of all citizens, it is clear that market economies fall short on ensuring that the basic needs of all citizens are met. If one looks at liberty and individual freedom, it is evident that command economies tend to oppress their citizens. Therefore, socialism, which allows for basic needs to be met and personal freedoms to be upheld, is the best economic system for all of a country’s citizens.
Howells, Peter., Bain, Keith 2000, Financial Markets and Institutions, 3rd edn, Henry King Ltd., Great Britain.
Capital markets are markets "where people, companies, and governments with more funds than they need (because they save some of their income) transfer those funds to people, companies, or governments who have a shortage of funds (because they spend more than their income)" (Woepking, ¶3). The two major capital markets are stock and bond markets. Capital markets promote economic efficiency by moving funds from those who do not have an immediate need for it to those who do. Individuals or companies will put money at risk if the return on the intended investment is greater than the return of holding risk-free assets. An example of this would be those that invest in real estate or purchase stocks and bonds. Those that invest want the stock, bond, or real estate to grow in value or appreciate. An example of this concept would be if an individual or company invested an amount saved over the course of a year. While investing may be riskier, these individuals hope that the investment will yield a greater return than leaving the money in a savings account drawing nominal interest. In this example the companies that issue the stocks or bonds have spending needs that exceed their income so the company will finance their spending needs by issuing securities in the capital markets. This is a method of direct finance because the "companies borrowed directly by issuing securities to investors in the capital markets" (Woepking, ¶5).
“Our thesis is that the idea of a self-adjusting market implied a stark utopia. Such an institution could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society; it would have physically destroyed man and transformed his surrounding into a wilderness. Inevitably, society took measures to protect itself, but whatever measures it took impaired the self-regulation of the market, disorganized industrial life, and thus endangered society in yet another way. It was this dilemma which forced the development of the market system into a definite groove and finally disrupted the social organization based upon it.” (Polanyi pg 3-4)
The stock market is an essential part of a free-market economy, such as America’s. This is because it provides companies the capital they need in exchange for giving away small parts of ownership in their company to investors. The stock market works by letting different companies sell stocks to gain capital, meaning they sell shares of their company through an exchange system in order to make more money. Stocks represent a small amount of ownership in a company. The more stocks a person owns, the more ownership they have of that company. Stocks also represent shares in a company, which are equal parts in which the company’s capital is divided, entitling a shareholder to a portion of the company’s profits. Lastly, all of the buying and selling of stocks happens at an exchange. An exchange is a system or market in which stocks can be bought and sold within or between countries. All of these aspects together create the stock market.
This paper will define and discuss five financial theories and how they impact business decisions made by financial managers. The theories will be the Modern Portfolio Theory, Tobin Separation Theorem, Equilibrium Theory, Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), and the Efficient Markets Hypothesis.