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What was the cause of industrial revolution
Women in the 18th century
Women in the 18th century
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Recommended: What was the cause of industrial revolution
Burney, F. (1778), Evelina. London: Penguin Classics.
This novel is Evelina Burney’s first printed work. In this book, Burney steers to an adolescent woman throughout the mystifying communal organization of 18th century England. In different ways, Burney disputes the objective of these communal conferences, but more prominently, the complicated structures within the novel are reflective of the attempt by the 17th and 18th century aristocracy to keep the escalating merchant class from arriving into the upper reaches of the social pyramid.
Coward, B. (1998). Social change and continuity: England 1550-1750. Revised edition.
London: Longman.
Coward’s novel offers an outline of the social structures in England that started up to and walled the deliverance of the book. This novel is separated into three major sections: “The Structure of Early Modern English Society,” “Changing Material Conditions,” and “Changing Ideas.” This book also includes two follow up sections: “Assessment” and “Documents.” The text of the novel is comprehensive, yet simply logical for those who are first-hand to the topic area and helps to decorate the social background in which the novel first came forth as a fictional form.
Allen, Robert C., The British Industrial Revolution in a Global Perspective, New York: Cambridge Press, 2009. Pp. viii, 331.
Robert’s novel is an illustration of the persuasiveness of the new financial history. It is rooted in numerical information and uses classier approaches of economic analysis is presented in English. He debates that the first industrial revolution happened in northwestern Europe because its high earnings during the early contemporary period reinvigorated technological modernization. According to Robert, the first indus...
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...ty Press, 1995.
This book is mostly a work of cultural history. Valenze states that her book “has aimed to dislodge the ‘Whig history’ of industrialization—an unbroken narrative of progress—from its dictatorial role.” She argues that during the crucial early stages of the industrial revolution, important precedents were set about “who would work, how well they performed, and how they were to be remunerated.” She argues that both women and men were seen as industrious during the early 18th century but that new attitudes to the poor from the 1760s, as well as growing unemployment and the increased cost of poor relief, began to erode this attitude. While early 18th century society was paternalistic, looser attitudes toward property and poverty within a traditional agricultural and artisan society allowed women greater employment opportunities and status in society.
Industrialization had a major impact on the lives of every American, including women. Before the era of industrialization, around the 1790's, a typical home scene depicted women carding and spinning while the man in the family weaves (Doc F). One statistic shows that men dominated women in the factory work, while women took over teaching and domestic services (Doc G). This information all relates to the changes in women because they were being discriminated against and given children's work while the men worked in factories all day. Women wanted to be given an equal chance, just as the men had been given.
§ Aldcroft, D. H. (ed.) The Development of British Industry and Foreign Competition, 1875-1914 (1968), London: Allen and Unwin
Thesis: Boydston argues that women in Antebellum America, along with the society surrounding them, believed that there was little to no economic value to the work they did in the home (xii). Boydston in her text seeks understand the "the intimate relationship between the gender and labor systems that characterized industrializing America (xii).
As many women took on a domestic role during this era, by the turn of the century women were certainly not strangers to the work force. As the developing American nation altered the lives of its citizens, both men and women found themselves struggling economically and migrated into cities to find work in the emerging industrialized labor movement . Ho...
When Victorian Era, England is brought up in most context’s it is used to exemplify a calm and more refined way of life; however, one may overlook how the children of this era were treated and how social class systems affected them. Samuel Butler’s The Way of All Flesh is a novel written to take a closer look at the life of children growing up in the unfair social hierarchy of Victorian Era England. Butler’s main characters are Theobald and Ernest, who grow up during the time period; Overton, who is Ernest’s godfather, is the narrator of the novel and provides insight into Theobald and Ernest as they mature through the novel. Theobald is the son of a wealthy, strict, and abusive father who treats him with no mercy, but leaves him with a rather significant inheritance from his Christian publishing company, at his death. Ernest is the son of Theobald, who beats him with a stern fits over even the pettiest things in
The Second Industrial Revolution had a major impact on women's lives. After being controlled fro so long women were experiencing what it was like to live an independent life. In the late nineteenth century women were participating in a variety of experiences, such as social disabilities confronted by all women, new employment patterns, and working class poverty and prostitution. These experiences will show how women were perceived in the Second Industrial Revolution.
O'Brien, Patrick, and Roland Quinault, eds. The Industrial Revolution and British Society. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.
Clark believes that the middle class consciousness is the key of the Industrial Revolution, though it is hard to measure. However, Clark underestimates the power of institutions. While The Great Divergence written by Kenneth Pomeranz emphasizes that there is little difference in societies in the core areas of Europe and Asia before 1800, though the conclusion might be somewhat improper according to Clark’s opposition with clues. The fortuitous location of coals and the access to colonies help Britain to carry out the Industrial Revolution. Yet this point of view has been criticized to have insufficient attention to other factors like technology and military. Each of these books successfully creates its own novel explanations with plenty of evidences, though they still clash with each other or actually act as complementary to each other. The Industrial Revolution, as one of the vital turning points of economic history, could not be interpreted by single aspects like geography or culture. It would not come until every accidental and prepared factors mix
The social and political environment in nineteenth century England from the perspective and hindsight of modern norms and policies looks grim and indentured. Criticising a culture from hindsight may seem redundant, but in the words of Edmund Burke, “those who don’t know history are doomed to repeat it”. Looking at a former culture, comparing and contrasting it with current views is important for moving forward socially and politically as well as understanding where current societal norms derive from. Jane Eyre is possibly one of the most important books from this time period
Jane Austen’s novel Persuasion emanates the social and political upheaval caused by the war and depicts the transition into nineteenth century realism where class and wealth was considered extremely important in the social hierarchy. She explores the reactions to the newly diverse interactions between different social classes and although she was “no snob, she knew all about snobbery.” Therefore, she is able to realistically portray the views of upper class characters such as Sir Walter Elliot and contrast them to men who have earned their wealth, such as Captain Wentworth. Whilst Britain was involved with the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in the early nineteenth century, the navy had a profound involvement therefore this is not only reflected in Austen’s real life, but also in her novels. This alters the narrative in the novel as a whole as Austen depicts how wealth and being upper class is no longer limited to hereditory but can also be earned through professions such as being in the navy. As a result, the contrasts between the opinions and actions of the men who work for their wealth and the men who merely receive it from their family are profound.
Throughout history, women of all classes have often been subordinate to men, adopting positions of companionship and support rather than taking leadership roles. In the 19th century England, a patriarchal society, presumed that “females were naïve, fragile, and emotionally weak creatures who could not exist independently of a husband or a father’s wise guidance.” It was until the Industrial Revolution that lower class women were able to find jobs in factories and become more independent from their households and husbands. Even then, their jobs were harsh and they were often underpaid compared to their male counterparts. Emma Paterson, the leader of the Women’s Trade Union once said, “Not only are women frequently paid half or less than half for doing work as well and as quickly as men, but skilled women whose labour requires delicacy of touch, the result of long training as well as thoughtfulness receive from 11 shillings to 16 or 17 shilling a week, while the roughest unskilled labour of a man is worth at least 18 shillings.” The employers of Industrial Revolution mistreated and abused lower class women to such an extent that middle class women were beginning to become aware of their suffering. Girls were sent to factories at very early ages and many lacked proper education. These events led to middle class women fight for laws protecting women employees and women suffrages. Middle class women led strikes and revolts against employers as they struggled to bring fairness between men and women. These feminists were the first women that fought for women’s rights and were responsible for equality that men and women have today.
Gorham, Deborah. A. A. The Victorian Girl and the Feminine Ideal. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982. Martineau, Harriet.
It was a time where social and political change, luxury, art, and power of the ruling elite were evolving. During this time Great Britain was one of the greatest imperial power in the world. In his book, Ford delineates the great differences between upper and lower class (wealthy and the poor) and emphasizes the new social and political changes in the British life. While the “poorer helots of great cities heartened their lives by dreaming of material beauties, elegance, and suave wealth” (Ford, 247) the upper class dealt with problems such as infidelity, women suffrage, and preservation of their image. Nevertheless, on the outside England was the land of hope and glory to which commoners aspired to, an idea that was maintained by the great hushing power of the ruling class in matters of public dishonor for persons of position, and censored information about the power of absorption of the remoter Colonies (Ford, 191).
Frances Burney’s Evelina values the struggle of a woman enduring the harsh patriarchal society of Great Britain in the eighteenth century; Evelina is constantly attacked, verbally or physically, by men and women alike and it is because of her active refusal to be made into a victim that many people label Burney’s work as a feminist novel. While Burney is making many claims about the ill treatment of women, she never claims that women should be equal to men. She directly writes Evelina under the care of Villars and later in a marriage with Lord Orville, both of whom are strong patriarchal figures. Because Evelina remains under the care of such men, she is excused from her malign treatment by men. Readers find her worthy of sympathy, which encourages
Jane Austen’s works are characterized by their classic portrayals of love among the gentry of England. Most of Austen’s novels use the lens of romance in order to provide social commentary through both realism and irony. Austen’s first published bookThe central conflicts in both of Jane Austen’s novels Emma and Persuasion are founded on the structure of class systems and the ensuing societal differences between the gentry and the proletariat. Although Emma and Persuasion were written only a year apart, Austen’s treatment of social class systems differs greatly between the two novels, thus allowing us to trace the development of her beliefs regarding the gentry and their role in society through the analysis of Austen’s differing treatment of class systems in the Emma and Persuasion. The society depicted in Emma is based on a far more rigid social structure than that of the naval society of Persuasion, which Austen embodies through her strikingly different female protagonists, Emma Woodhouse and Anne Eliot, and their respective conflicts. In her final novel, Persuasion, Austen explores the emerging idea of a meritocracy through her portrayal of the male protagonist, Captain Wentworth. The evolution from a traditional aristocracy-based society in Emma to that of a contemporary meritocracy-based society in Persuasion embodies Austen’s own development and illustrates her subversion of almost all the social attitudes and institutions that were central to her initial novels.