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Civil War medicine essay
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Substandard medical practices and incompetent medical staff operating during the Civil War are quite astounding. It is without doubt that over the last 150 years, the medical field has made profound advances compared to that of the third-rate medical practices of the mid-nineteenth century. If one only knew today’s medical practices as standard, they would find it shocking to know that it was once quite acceptable to practice such mediocre and unsanitary principles and procedures. Before learning about the substandard medical practices of the Civil War, one must first understand the insufficient training of doctors. Medical school students only received two years of education, and no residency with hands-on education was provided nor required. Most doctors did not attend medical school; instead, they served as apprentices to receive their training . Other mid-nineteenth century medical staff, including physician assistants, surgeon assistants, and nurses received less than mediocre to no professional education or training. Currently American doctors must attend four years of undergraduate college. After obtaining a bachelor degree, …show more content…
This was also apparent when the soldiers were hospitalized and treated with previously used, contaminated gauze. In 1862, gangrene began to appear after unsanitary processes and procedures created the perfect environment for gangrene, or presently termed necrotizing fasciitis. Gangrene quickly spread through the battlefield and hospitals resulting in sepsis, high fever, sterility, unbearably stinking boils, and ultimately death for many soldiers. It wasn’t until 1865, that researchers Jones and Woodward realized that isolating patients with gangrene utilizing medical supplies one time and then discarding them significantly reduced the diagnosis and spread of Gangrene
The American Civil War is one of the biggest turning points in American history. It marks a point of major separation in beliefs from the North and the South and yet somehow ends in a major unification that is now called the United States of America. It still to date remains the bloodiest war in American History. The book “This Republic of Suffering, death and the American Civil War” by Drew Gilpin Faust better explains the change in thought from the American people that developed from the unexpected mass loss in soldiers that devastated the American people. Throughout this review the reader will better understand the methods and theory of this book, the sources used, the main argument of the book, the major supporting arguments, and what the
Resection was a process that “involved cutting open the limb, sawing out the damaged bone, and then closing the incision” (Jones, 1). Resection allows the patient to keep his limbs but it requires a great ordeal of time and skill. This also contributed to the common practice of amputation during the war. But there were cases where surgeons did use this method. Terry J. Jones said in his NY Times article, “resections were used more frequently after surgeons learned that amputations had a much higher mortality rate” (Jones, 1). In another article by Corydon Ireland, it describes Mitchell Adam’s, a Harvard lecturer, grandfather who served as a volunteer surgeon during the Civil War. In the article, “Adams was not a champion of hasty amputations, but argued for excision and other limb-saving measures. And he describes the everyday pressures of a country practice in Framingham, Mass” (Ireland, 1). This meant that not all surgeons at the time only wanted to amputate but strived for alternate methods. This new knowledge shows that some surgeons were more dedicated to thinking about the well-being of their patients than others and this opens up to other possibilities that may have occurred during the war. This allows an image to come to mind of a surgeon diligently operating on a soldier with care and compassion. However, even though there may be many possibilities, we can’t truly know every event that occurs during a
On April 12, 1861, Abraham Lincoln declared to the South that, the only reason that separate the country is the idea of slavery, if people could solve that problem then there will be no war. Was that the main reason that started the Civil war? or it was just a small goal that hides the real big reason to start the war behind it. Yet, until this day, people are still debating whether slavery is the main reason of the Civil war. However, there are a lot of facts that help to state the fact that slavery was the main reason of the war. These evidences can relate to many things in history, but they all connect to the idea of slavery.
Lax, Eric. "On the Medical Front; Bleeding Blue and Gray Civil War Surgery and the Evolution
Soldiers faced diseases like measles, small pox, malaria, pneumonia, camp itch, mumps, typhoid and dysentery. However, diarrhea killed more soldiers than any other illness. There were many reasons that diseases were so common for the causes of death for soldiers. Reasons include the fact that there were poor physicals before entering the army, ignorance of medical information, lack of camp hygiene, insects that carried disease, lack of clothing and shoes, troops were crowded and in close quarters and inadequate food and water.
In 1865 before an operation, he cleansed a leg wound first with carbolic acid, and performed the surgery with sterilized (by heat) instruments. The wound healed, and the patient survived. Prior to surgery, the patient would need an amputation. However, by incorporating these antiseptic procedures in all of his surgeries, he decreased postoperative deaths. The use of antiseptics eventually helped reduce bacterial infection not only in surgery but also in childbirth and in the treatment of battle wounds.
During winter months, basic huts were constructed from wood when it was available. During the civil war, most of the soldiers fought only 75 percent of the time. When they were not fighting, their day usually started at 5:00 in the morning during the summer and spring, and 6:00 in the morning during the fall and winter. Soldiers would be awakened by fifes and drums, then the first sergeant would take a roll call, and all the men sat down to eat breakfast. During the day, soldiers would be engaged in sometimes as many as five 2-hour long drill sessions on weaponry or maneuvers.
Here at the Chelsea Naval Hospital, the influx of patients arriving home from the war inflicted with "battle wounds and mustard gas burns," has created a shortage of physicians and it is becoming increasingly difficult to fight this influenza. Even our own physicians are falling ill from the disease and dying within hours of its onset. Today I received a letter from Dr. Roy, a friend and fellow physician at Camp Devens, who describes a similar situation:
The road to gaining admission to medical school and becoming a physician is long, difficult, and intensely competitive. Once admitted, however, medical students spend the first two years primarily in laboratories and classrooms learning basic medical sciences. They also learn how to take medical histories, perform complete physical examinations, and recognize symptoms of diseases. During their third and fourth years, the medical students work under supervision at teaching hospitals and clinics. Following medical school, new physicians must complete a year of internship that emphasizes either general medical practice or one specific specialty and provides clinical experience in various hospital services. Physicians then continue in residency training, which lasts an additional three to six years, depending on the specialty. Immediately after residency, they are eligible to take an examination to earn board certification in their chosen specialty. Most traditional specialties include the following: anesthesiologist, cardiologist, dermatologist, family practitioner, gastroenterologist, internist, neurologist, oncologist, pathologist, psychiatrist, pulmonologist, and urologist
The Civil War was fought at the end of the middle Ages; therefore the Medical Corps was unqualified in all fields of medical care. Little was known about what caused disease, how to stop it from spreading, or how to cure it. Surgical techniques ranged from the tough to easy. Underqualified, understaffed, and undersupplied medical corps, who was often referred to as quacks and butchers by the press, took cared of the men in the Civil War. During this period a physician received minimal training. Nearly all the older doctors served as apprentices in lieu of formal education. Even those who attended one of the few medical schools were poorly trained. The average medical student trained for two years, received no experience, and was given virtually no laboratory instruction.
Before the Civil War, people would receive infections in their injured limbs, causing death. The book Eyewitnesses to the Civil War stated, “The grisly procedure of amputation became emblematic of the Civil War medicine because it was often the only option for saving a wounded soldiers life” (Kagan 344). Frank Freemon in his book Gangrene and Glory stated: “Surgery was quick, bloody, and brutal. Taking the knife in his [Surgeon] bloody hands he called out ‘Next’. Another soldier was lifted and placed, not too gently, on the operating table” (Freemon 109).
The Work of Death seemed inevitable to soldiers who embarked on the journey known as the Civil War. Throughout the Civil War, human beings learned how to prepare for death, imagine it, risk it, endure it, and seek to understand it. All the soldiers needed to be willing to die and needed to turn to the resources of their culture, codes of masculinity, patriotism, and religion to prepare themselves for the war ahead of them. Death individually touched soldiers with it’s presence and the fear of it, as death touched the soldiers it gave them a sense of who they really are and how they could change on their death bed.
Starr, P. Medicine, "Economy and Society in Nineteenth century America," Journal of Social History. 1977. pp10, 588-607.
During the Civil War they really worked towards building more hospitals and it drove the nursing profession to grow and have a large demand for nurses, but they were more like volunteers, such as wives or mistresses who were following their soldier men. Being a war nursing at that time was seen as a job for the lower class and no “respectable” woman could be seen in a military hospital. During the Civil War Phoebe Levy Pember, a young widow, went north to the confederate capital of Richmond. She eventually ran the world’s largest hospital, where on an average day she would supervise the treatment of 15,000 patients who were cared for by nearly 300 slave women. The war then led to a greater respect for nurses which was noticed by Congress. They then passed a bill providing pensions to Civil War nurses, but more importantly this led to the profe...
As Osler stated in his series of lectures on the evolution of medicine, “Sanitation takes its place among the great modern revolutions-political, social, and intellectual.” With the understanding of the body came new knowledge on the role of bacteria within it. Without modern sanitation techniques, surgical operations failed as infection often killed those operated on. Surgeons didn’t wash their hands before operations, and equipment was rarely sanitized between operations. It took knowing that disease could come from bacteria and that bacteria could be passed from person to person to allow medical procedures to succeed and increase survival rates around the world