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Effects of stuttering
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"IIIII Can Can Can't Heeeelp It: Stuttering to the Truth"
"Stuttering is something the stutterer does, not something he has, because of something he is." --Wendell Johnson
Can you imagine not being able to introduce yourself without struggling to pronounce your own name? What would your life be like if you had to battle every time you said "hello"? How would you feel if a mob of security guards surrounded you at Wal-Mart because an employee had mistaken you for being mentally ill ((1))?
These are just a few scenarios that 42-year-old Kurt Salierno, a carpenter and minister from Atlanta, encounters everyday. Salierno has a stuttering disorder, which more than 3 million people in the United States and 55 million people around the world struggle with daily. Salierno describes his problem as similar to being trapped in a glass capsule; "I can see out, but there's no way to get out" ((1)). Salierno's feelings and views about what he experiences raises some interesting questions. What is reality like for a person with a stuttering disorder? Is the "I" that is trapped inside the capsule representative of the self that he cannot express due to his disorder? Internally, Salierno is conscious of the words, which he wishes to express. However, Salierno is seldom able to produce these words externally. Does a stutterer create his or her own reality within his or her mind? To the stutterer, does independent experience become reality? With reference to the philosophical thought experiment about the tree falling in a forest, does a stutterer make a sound if no one can hear him or her make that sound?
Stuttering is a neurological disorder of communication, from which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions (neu-neu-neuro), prolongations (biiiii-ol-ooogy), or abnormal stoppages (no sound) of sounds and syllables. Rapid eye blinking, tremors of the lips and/or jaw, or other struggle behaviors of the face or upper body may accompany speech disruptions ((3)). Why does stuttering worsen in situations that involve speaking before a group of people or talking on the phone, whereas fluency of speech improves in situations such as whispering, acting, talking to pets, speaking alone, or singing ((1))? In ancient times, physicians believed that the stutterer's tongue was either too long or too short, too wet or too dry. Therefore, practitioners from the mid-1800s tried surgical remedies such as drilling holes into the skull or cutting pieces of the tongue out to eliminate stuttering ((1) ).
In the film, Transcending Stuttering: The Inside Story, produced by Schneider Speech, the viewer was brought into the lives of seven individuals with a stutter. These individuals described their experiences with stuttering and how they have transcended the obstacles they have been faced with throughout their lives. The viewer was also given the opportunity to understand the powerful reality of both the low and high points that can be accompanied by stuttering.
Communication is the very first thing one learns as soon as he or she is born, crying when something upsetting happens or laughing to show contentment. However, as one ages, they begin to realize that using words to express thoughts and feelings is a great deal harder than manipulating sounds and actions. Author Toni Bambara of “Raymond’s Run” and Lauren Tarshis of “Stuttering Doesn’t Hold Me Back” have similar views on the difficulty of speaking up. Bambara writes about a boy called Raymond who has Down Syndrome and communicates with others in a special way, as he cannot utilize his words. “Stuttering Doesn’t Hold Me Back” is an inspiring story regarding a young student facing the challenges of her disorder. Both writings consider the idea that we all have our own methods of conversing, and we need to accept and understand that it is normal.
Stuttering affects the fluency of speech. Stuttering is characterized by disruptions in speech sound productions, also known as a disfluency. Mostly, stuttering has a significant effect on some daily activities. Though some people have disfluency deficits only in certain situations. Some people limit their participations in different everyday activities because they are often embarrassed or sad about their situation and are concerned about how other's will react to stuttering. In stuttered speech repetitions of words or also of parts of words are included. Prolongations of speech sounds may also occur. It is a characteristic of some people who
Compared to a model of normal communication, a child with Developmental Stuttering has a few noticeable communication impairments. The young man named Geoff who was presented in the case study has some difficulties concerning with his language. At thirteen years old, he had some noticeable issues within his model of communication that were abnormal for a teenage boy. In regards to articulation, the rapid and coordinated movement of the tongue, teeth, lips, and palate to produce speech sounds, Geoff reported that there “were certain words that he could not say without stuttering severely”. One of these words included “French”. He would use different words in order to avoid saying the words he would always stutter on, or just not use the particular word at all. This became a disadvantage for
Today, our culture demands us to be perfect, thin, powerful, successful, smart, extraordinary, but when people begin to try achieving them, we start labeling them as narcissists. The problem is that it is impossible for anyone to please everyone. Brown defines narcissism as simply a “fear of never feeling extraordinary enough to be noticed, to be lovable, to belong, or to cultivate a sense of purpose” (22). Before giving out labels, it is wise to practice asking ourselves questions to clear the intentions and reasons of someone’s behavior. For example, teenagers posting pictures of themselves online to gain some attention reveals that the culture has taught them that they are as lovable as the number of likes and comments they get on social media. Negative feedback roots into negative thinking about vulnerability and causes them to shut themselves down and never show their real selves again. Encouraging others to believe that they are perfect as themselves, will plant a positive attitude in them and push them to pursue their goals and visions to fulfill their dream of a happy
Islam in America has historically been misunderstood, and this is due to the misconception of culture and religion as well as lack of education and incorrect portrayal in the media, which gives a skewed idea of Islam. Especially in the United States, Islam has been seen as the “terrorist religion” or a religion for the extremists and a religion in which freedom is not an option. Among the countless misconceptions, the basis of stereotypes by Americans is due to the mix up between religion and culture. Furthermore, the media only fuels fire to these misunderstandings and lack of factual information about Islam causing Americans to lash out on American Muslims without reason.
During my demonstration speech, I was affected by my speech anxiety. Some of the viewable symptoms were the shaking of my hands and also the stuttering of speech. I was able to control myself and relax after I started getting into my information. I did use some of the suggested relaxation techniques to relieve my anxiety. Before I got up to speak I thought confident of myself to help give me courage and confidence.
Furthermore, the transience and impersonality of social media also plays into the narcissist’s tendency to form relationships, however often these relationships tend to be short-term and lack intimacy, and narcissists often use relationships in order to self-enhance themselves through support and affirmation (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008). This is represented in social media by having the ability to form friends without need for interaction or intimacy through the filter of the
According to Millard et at., indirect approaches are based on the theory that stuttering is a disorder with physiological, linguistic, psychological, and environmental factors influencing the onset, impact, and prognosis of stuttering. There are also additional variables that may become significant in relation to the moment a child starts stuttering such as parent interaction behaviors, the child’s articulatory skills and the child’s temperament. Because environmental factors can be changed, parent interaction styles can have a major impact of the long-term development of stuttering (Millard et al.).
Here’s a question, how often do you check your social media profile’s notification? Based on a research conducted, it is revealed that, Facebook users around the world logged into their account approximately 42,000 years of human time each day (Gutierrez, 2013). An article written by The New York Times stated that the current generations are becoming narcissistic and it is believed that social media are among the plausible factors that promotes it (Quenqua, 2013). However, how true can this statement be? Many researches have proven that social media is not the main cause of narcissism. It has been demonstrated via the real role of social media, the co-relation between social pressure and narcissism, the failure to conclude acceptance of criticism instead of narcissism, the current generation trend and the real problem of narcissism.
The shallow, self-promoting aspects of social networking draw in narcissists like a moth to a flame. People who naturally display these traits are the highest users of social media sites. At the same time, extended use of social networking sites and social media applications, particularly the act of posting selfies, resulted in increased levels of narcissism (Halpern 4). It has been shown that those who regularly observe others’ selfies are more likely to leave comments or “like” posts. Interestingly, this relationship is not true for individuals higher in narcissism. Even though they continuously view other people’s photos, they don’t show an increase in interaction with them (Lee
Claudette and Janet stuttering through the pre-planned define stutter as repetition of a word or part of a word, drawing out of word speech sound; or blocking a pause pursue after an articulation starting with the ability of audible tension. Bloodstein (1981), asserts stuttering roughly occurs in 1% of the adult populace (Cooper, et al., 2013), and 5 percent of children in the U.S. age 3-17 have a speech issue that went on for a week or longer amid a prior 12 months period (Woods, 1995). The speech rate as the aggregate number of syllables articulated every moment of talking time. Such as time taken through the discussion partner was excluded. The natural speech pattern ratings measured the social validity of the outcome of intervention (Wagaman, Miltenberger, and Arndorfer,
Simeon, Daphne, and Jeffrey Abugel. Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print.
Walking down the street, a girl pauses to take a selfie. A boy posts on social media that he gains five pounds in muscle. Every little league teammate receives a trophy for participation. America’s culture seems to encourage egotistical behavior beginning at a young age; however, when these behaviors are continued into adulthood, they are considered narcissists. It is common to hear people labelling others that exhibit a little self-esteem as narcissistic. The frequent use of the term narcissism takes away from the true meaning of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). In order to re-establish the actual meaning of narcissism, this paper will review the diagnostic criteria, major characteristics, etiology, and treatment implications. Ultimately, the reader will develop a clear understanding of NPD and will end with the proper knowledge in order to educate others.
Michael Collins once proclaimed that, “It’s human nature to stretch, to go, to see, to understand. Exploration is not a choice really; it’s an imperative.” People have always been fascinated by space exploration and it was during the 1950’s that the “race to space” took off. Both Russia and the United States wanted to be the first to travel into space and the first ones to land on the moon. Today, nations are still active in space exploration. This includes NASA (the U.S.), the Russian Federal Space Agency, CNSA (China), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), ISA (Italy), ROSA (Romania), and the Soviet Union. Now, some may argue that the United State’s space program has slowed down or even stopped having interest in space. However, there is a great deal of evidence that shows that NASA is still very much interested in space.