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The role of the stock market in the economy
Consumer-driven economy
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Following the trend of economy, it is important to investors to understand that strong economy creates strong stock market. To elaborate further, as stock prices are increased by current and future expectations of earnings, thus without a strong economy it would be difficult for the companies to increase and sustain their earnings (Kong 2013). The economy development is usually calculated using the gross domestic product of a countries. On the other hand, a change is the stock price can also cause a major impact to the consumers and investors directly. Hence, a loss in confidence by investors can cause a downturn in consumer spending in the long term, which will also affect the economy’s output (Aysen 2011). The graph below shows the relationship of stock market price (KLCI) and the GDP of Malaysia in 2009. Thus, it can be concluded that the economy and the stock market has a positive relationship.
Graph 1. GDP against KLCI in 2009 (DAH IKHWAN weblog 2008)
For an organisation to rise fund, they usually tend to look at the stock market and capital market to do it so. This is two markets are usually seemed similar by the investors as they both contributes to the development of an economy. But there are significant difference between them. The capital market is a market that consist of stock market as well as the bond market. As a result, the capital market provides a long-standing finance using the debt capital and the equity capital. Capital markets divided into two sectors known as primary markets and secondary markets. The primary market is where securities are issued for the first time whereas the secondary market is where securities that have been already issued are traded among investors (Difference...
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Difference between.com
Securities commission Malaysia http://dahalmi.wordpress.com/2008/10/14/wall-street-meltdown-impact-on-the-malaysian-stock-market/ http://www.brighthub.com/money/investing/articles/107601.aspx
http://www.preservearticles.com/201012281813/functions-and-importance-of-capital-market.html
http://www.sc.com.my/wp-content/uploads/eng/html/cmp2/cmp2_final.pdf
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7e0daececb82-11e3-8ccf-00144feabdc0.html#a-xzz30EeWZpmL
http://www.bruegel.org/nc/blog/detail/article/1273-are-capital-markets-the-only-friend-of-innovation/
http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/ghubbard/Articles%20for%20Web%20Site/How%20Capital%20Markets%20Enhance%20Economic%20Performance%20and%20Facilit.pdf
http://www.scribd.com/doc/202488759/Capital-Market-Financing-for-SMEs-A-Growing-Need-in-Emerging-Asia#fullscreen=1
Mid September 2008 saw a significant change for the Australian economy, with the collapse of the Lehman Brothers triggering the Global Financial Crisis. The Global Financial Crisis was characterised by a tightening in the availability of money from overseas markets and resulting in governments having to intervene to maintain market stability. The Australian economy and its leaders generated considerable discussion about the prospect of a global recession, while most expected the financial crisis would have a major impact on the Australian economy, a factor that was not considered was the immediacy of its effects. The December quarter of 2008, saw business stocks devalue by $3.4 billion, the largest fall on record. In addition, there was a considerable softening in property prices, resulting in many companies/people having too much debt vs. too little wealth. With this, consumer confidence plummeted which in turn deteriorated consumption. Throughout the month of September and into October, the financial crisis spread from the United States to Europe, and all around the global economy, with economies contracting in growth.
In Microsoft’s 2004 fiscal year, a 33% increase in net income resulted in a 1% increase in stock price. In the 2005 fiscal year, a 2% gain in net income resulted in a 4% decrease in stock price (Microsoft Inc 2006). As seen, an increase in net income does not automatically lead to an increase in stock price. For growth companies such as Microsoft, stock price is primarily driven by the growth of earnings (25 April 2007).
I would say there is a disconnect between the stock prices and the U.S economy because the unemployment rate is high, interest rates are low and many areas of the economy are still recovering while the stock market continues to new highs.
Many businesses will allow the public to buy shares, which are basically small parts of the company. If the business is succeeding financially, share prices will rise. These shares can then be sold for more money than they were originally worth, resulting in profit. The Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) is however, extremely difficult to navigate and sucessfuly use. For this reason, many investors choose to invest in a managed fund.
Stock market prediction is the method of predicting the price of a company’s stock. It is believed that stock price is lead by random walk hypothesis. Random walk hypothesis states that stock market price matures randomly and hence can’t be predicted. Pesaran (2003) states that it is often argued that if stock markets are efficient then it should not be possible to predict stock returns. In fact, it is easily seen that stock market returns will be non-predictable only if market efficiency is combined with risk neutrality. On the other hand it is also been concluded that using variance ratio tests long horizon stock market returns can be predicted....
The project is done to find out the impact of stock split on the stock market. In our project, we have made use of event study methodology to assess the accuracy of stock price reaction of 39 public listed Indian companies in National Stock Exchange (BSE) in the year 2006 and onwards. The abnormal returns (actual returns-returns from regression line) results were taken for 20 days before and after the announcement date to test whether the result is significant or not (Level of significance=5%). The project shows that there is no significance difference in the price level before the announcement date while after the announcement date, there was a significant difference in the price level for few days(level of significance being 5%) The project supports the hypothesis that Indian stock market is semi strong efficient.
More and more acholars believe that the theory of portfolio and the assumption of CAPM model are not match with real market condition, it cannot explain the pricing of capital assets comprehensively. There are large number of empirical studies have show that, the CAPM model is incompleted, because CAPM assume that variance of β is the only factor can affect the future rate of return. However, there are other factors that influnce the pricing of capital assets are emerging, such as book value, market price ratio and so on. Among them, CAPM was seriously called into question in the 1990s by Famar Fama and Franche (1992), they highligt that “beta is dead”. In Fama and Franche’s (1992) studies, they mainly focus on the relationship between the ratio of the book value of a firm’s common stock (BE) to its market value (ME) with rate of retrun of the stock. Fama and Franche (1992) concludes that there are two related points from the research. First, they conclude that BE/ME can basically explain the changes in stock retrun and it have better explanatory power than β. Because the report clear shows that during the period from 1941 to 1990 the relationship between β and average return is weak, moreover, there virtually have no link between β and average retrun from 1963 to 1990. Second, although CAPM model asserts that β is the only factor affect expected retruns on stocks, Fama and Franche (1992) also discovered that there is a negative relationship between the average return on a security with both the market-to-book of the firm ratio (M/B) and the price-earnings of the firm ratio (P/E). It can be seen that, β might not the only factor can affect the expected rate of
Interest rates and the effects of interest rates on the economy concern not only macroeconomists but consumers, savers, borrowers, and lenders. A country may react and change their interest rates, according to the prosperity of their economy. Interest rates, is the percentage usually on an annual basis that is paid by the borrower to the lender for a loan of money (Merriam-Webster). If banks decided not to use interest rates, it would be impossible for others to be able to take out loans and therefore, there would be far less spending money in the economy. With interest rates, this allows banks to take a percentage of the consumer’s money and loan it out to others, thus allowing economic growth to be possible. Interest rates also allow lenders to have a “safety net” which is necessary because there is a possibility that the borrower would be unable to pay back a loan to the bank. A nation’s interest rates can be raised or lowered and these shifts in interest rates correlate directly to aggregate demand. Aggregate demand, is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time (Business Dictionary). A nation uses interest rates for economic growth or to help prevent inflation. When economic growth is needed a nation would lower their interest rates. However, if a country is concerned about inflation, they may choose to raise their interest rates. When interest rates, raised or lowered, will have a negative or positive impact on consumers, and have a positive or negative impact on investors.
Capital markets are markets "where people, companies, and governments with more funds than they need (because they save some of their income) transfer those funds to people, companies, or governments who have a shortage of funds (because they spend more than their income)" (Woepking, ¶3). The two major capital markets are stock and bond markets. Capital markets promote economic efficiency by moving funds from those who do not have an immediate need for it to those who do. Individuals or companies will put money at risk if the return on the intended investment is greater than the return of holding risk-free assets. An example of this would be those that invest in real estate or purchase stocks and bonds. Those that invest want the stock, bond, or real estate to grow in value or appreciate. An example of this concept would be if an individual or company invested an amount saved over the course of a year. While investing may be riskier, these individuals hope that the investment will yield a greater return than leaving the money in a savings account drawing nominal interest. In this example the companies that issue the stocks or bonds have spending needs that exceed their income so the company will finance their spending needs by issuing securities in the capital markets. This is a method of direct finance because the "companies borrowed directly by issuing securities to investors in the capital markets" (Woepking, ¶5).
The companies have to lose something when getting the fund as well as the other advantages comes from going public. There are several disadvantages that the companies may suffer. First, being publicly listed in a stock market is not being done in an easy and simple way. For a company to trade its stock in stock market, following the requirements of Securities Exchange Act 1934 as well as other regulations monitored by Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is compulsory. Primary requirements of Securities Exchange Act 1934 include disclosure of periodic financial report which consists of the revenue, cash flow and assets of a company. Financial disclosure is to protect the investors from being swindled by the company. However, this might threaten the company as the information that disclosed can be benefit to the competitors. Competitors can use the information to gain more profit or plan for a takeover. Furthermore, this can be a bias for new companies as they might do not have complete financial report the required by the statute. Thus, trading in stock market can be more difficult than being privately held. All of information should be discover to the public and shouldn’t remain any secret.
I became an enthusiast of finance ever since I was at high school. At the political economy class, my teacher asked us: if you have a million RMB, how would you use it? She then introduced us the concept of investment, and I was intrigued specifically by the stock. For the latter two years of my high school, I have been reading books and articles regarding the stock market in the U.S. and in China. As one of the outstanding students ranked top 1% in College Entrance Exam in Hainan Province, China, I was accepted by the City University of Hong Kong with a full scholarship. With the strong interest in finance, I chose quantitative finance and risk management as my major.
In turn everything in the present and the future is judged through the stocks as they hold a high importance in industrialized economies showing the healthiness of said countries economy. As investing discourages consumer spending over all decreases, it lead...
Economic growth is one of the most important fields in economics. In current generation economic is developing well. Economic growth is really important to country and for the world as well. Economic are one of the identity for country because it shows a country development and attraction for other countries (F, Peter. 2014). For example well economic develop such as Singapore, Dubai, New York, and Japan. These countries are well develop and maintaining their economic growths. Economic growths are really important because higher average incomes enables consumers to enjoy more goods and services. Then, lower unemployment with higher output and positive economic growth firms tend to utilize more workers creating more employment. Enhanced public
In the modern world, financial markets play a significant role, with huge volumes of everyday dealings. They form part of contemporary economic lifestyle and determine the level of success of many people. Humans have always been uncertain of what the future holds and thus, tried to forecast it. The forecast of course cannot omit the likelihood of “easy money” by forecasting the prices of equity markets in the future.
“Financial management is just managing the limited financial resources of the organization has." This includes the use of cash and other assets such as equipment. Financial management has a different meaning than “financial management is the study of obtaining funds and their effective and judicious use, in terms of the overall objectives of the company." The important role of financial management has increased significantly in recent times. Factors such as economic unpredictable turns, fluctuations in interest rates, inflation and disinflation require processing financial management skills of first level. There is a demand for financial management in many sectors of society, including the construction industries. Study of financial management has developed over time in response to changing needs of business management. In general, the field of finance is attached to the economics and accounting. Finance was recognized as an independent field of study in 1900. Due to the Great Depression of the 1900s, the emphasis shifted from the capital fund for the perseverance of capital and maintenance of liquidity. Government intervention in the financial side of the business was strengthened in this period. The most important steps of contemporary financial management began in the mid- 1950s. The nature of financial management was interested in studying the fixed assets management of capital budgets , the efficient use of existing assets , capital structure the composition and the dividend policy . The risk-return relationship has also been emphasized by the last 30 years. Overall objective is to maximize long- term shareholder of the company’s wealth, increasing the market value (price) of shares