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What is the true meaning of intelligence
What is the true meaning of intelligence
Intelligence the origins of intelligence testing ap psychology
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Intelligence can be defined as a means of acquiring knowledge and being able to apply it to various aspects in life. In the realm of psychology, the universal term is used interchangeably during research. According to Singh-Manoux et al. (2005), psychologists have had difficulty defining intelligence because they have constantly disagreed on its nature, with some in congruence on one construct and others drawn to the multiple factor theory. In contrast, it could also be because they never agreed on an operational definition of intelligence—meaning the variable to be measured, take for example, emotion. Most times, intelligence and emotion are “initially perceived as completely different elements” (Keidar & Yagoda, 2014). Although true, combining …show more content…
First off, Gardner believed individuals had different minds to solve diverse problems or progress in various domains, so he developed a theory that comprised seven distinct areas: linguistic skills, logical-mathematical skills, musical skills, intrapersonal/interpersonal skills, bodily-kinesthetic skills, and spatial skills (Ekinci, 2014) while Sternberg’s theory proposed that people could apply information-processing components of intelligence (i.e. componential, experiential, practical) to coping with tasks and situations (Sternberg et al., 2001). In comparison to other models of intelligence, excluding Gardner, Sternberg’s theory differed because it was more widely acclaimed in its effectiveness and had a “practical application, helping those to develop as a whole in their surroundings regardless of their lack of intelligence” (Sternberg, Grigorenko, & Jarvin, …show more content…
One issue he dealt with, beforehand, was looking at the admission of immigrants to identify any contagious diseases and/or deformities that would hinder them from earning a living in the United States. This formulated deeper into the identification of mental deficiency. Throughout the process, Knox teamed up with Goddard and his colleagues to see how they could improve the rate of detection. When implementing the Bell Curve later in 1914, he expressed great concern for the immigrants who were at the tail ends because he thought aside from completing the test, the emotional sense of the individual would prove them defective (Baynton, 2016). Furthermore, Knox’s procedure in facilitating IQ tests “began with simple tests of orientation and common knowledge, continuing with more complex tests of practical reasoning, and concluding with a revised version of his examination protocol using performance tests” (Richardson, 2003). The significance of these events was engulfed in racism and discrimination. Acceptance, equality, and fairness were never displayed at all. In addition, it illustrated how fear was a prominent emotion immigrants felt when passing through the New York harbor, but it didn’t have to necessarily be just the population on Ellis Island though. The same was done for soldiers who had fought in
Howard Gardner used to define intelligence as “the ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings” (Gardner 33). The modern day human being would most likely include the words “smart” and “dumb” in their definition of intelligence. Gardner questioned the belief of only one intelligence so he created his own theory that involved seven different discoveries. He didn’t want to call these discoveries “skills” or “talents” or gifts” because those all suggested a drawback so he decided on the word “intelligence,” creating his theory of multiple intelligences (Gardner 33). Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences including, linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, intrapersonal and interpersonal, has many implications for modern education and culture.
Emotional intelligence has been defined as “the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions,” (Gantt & Slife 17). Psychologists John Mayer, Peter Salovey and David Caruso argue that some people have a greater emotional intelligence and a greater capacity than others to carry out more intelligent information when processing emotions. While on the other hand, psychologists Gerald Matthew, Moshe Zeidner, and Richard Roberts claimed that the concept of emotional intelligence, as it is defined now is flawed and has no reliable foundation in any of the models of human behavior such as biological, cognitive, coping, or personality.
Zeidner, M., Roberts, R.D., & Matthews, G. (2008). The science of emotional intelligence: Current consensus and controversies. European Psychologist, 13(1), 64-78.
Similar to Sternberg, Binet came to the conclusion that intelligence is the sum of mental processes (Flangan, Harrison, 2005). He developed the first intelligence test in order to categorize how much children benefitted from school education. The Binet-Simon scale, keeping in mind that Binet believed in intelligence consisting of different components, thus included language component, auditory processing, learning and memory, as well as judgement and problem solving (Kamin, 1974). The results were supposed to identify the student’s mental age. Lewis Terman introduced the Binet-Simon test to America and adapted it to sort army recruits in World War I (Comer et al., 2013). The Stanford-Binet test, developed by Terman in 1916, aimed to be an improved version that was able to measure mental age more appropriately (Kamin, 1974). He was convinced that intelligence is the ability to form concepts and to think abstract (Comer et al., 2013). The Stanford-Binet test has been described by Maud Minton to be superior to other intelligence tests of that time because it was very precise, it had detailed guidelines, it measured the IQ which became the standard marking system (Flangan, Harrison,
Howard Gardner’s theory contains eight main multiple intelligence. As the years have progressed there have taken one out and is left with the main seven. These seven are: Linguistic, Mathematical, Spatial, bodily, Musical, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal. These are found in everyone; however, each person will excel in one or two. Once teachers can determine what intelligence the students will exceed on and teach to their strengths the student will learn much more.
Charles Spearman's model of intelligence and Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory are two of the most widely used theories of intelligence. In order to understand how similar the two theories are we must first understand their differences. These two men differed in opinion on how IQ and intelligence should be measured, and they differed in opinion on what made a person "smart". In order to examine these things they first had to understand the human brain and how it works. They had to examine the human study habits and rituals, along with the human test taking habits.
...ists approach in defining human intelligence. I believe that intelligence is the ability to utilize our entire brain, which will most definitely include Gardner's theory but more. Since we only use a small percentage of our brain, I imagine our brains have a lot more forms of intelligence than the ones Gardner proposes as well as more stages of child development than the ones Piaget proposes. As I mentioned before, intelligence is an open-ended word that may never have an agreed upon definition, but we all have our own definition.
Psychologists relied on statistical results because it involves vast number of people, making it reliable. Intelligence is a behavior or thinking produced by our personality; some say it is whatever intelligence measures. Intelligent theories also argue if it is a divergent or unity ability, yet some argue about even considering it as a part of personality. Personalities like intelli...
The scope of emotional intelligence includes the verbal and nonverbal appraisal and expression of emotion, the regulation of emotion in the self and others, and the utilization of emotional content in problem solving. (pp. 433)
In the early 80s, the concept of social intelligence resurfaces under the theory of multiple intelligences presented by Howard Gardner in which interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences were included. Interpersonal intelligence was defined as having the ability to understand the feelings of others, whereas intrapersonal intelligence focuses on understanding one’s own emotions (Cartwri...
Sternberg’s theory defines intelligence as mental activity directed towards purposive adaption to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life (Santrock, 2013). According to Sternberg intelligence is more than just a single, general ability, he proposed successful intelligence consist of three factors. The three factors include analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence (Santrock, 2014).
Sternberg’s theory reduces the eight distinct areas in Gardener’s theory to “three facets which can be reliably measured” (Myers, 2014, p. 372). Although Sternberg and Gardener’s theories had some commonalities, they did differ on specific points. Steinberg’s focus was on specific areas of intelligence associated with academic principles. His concern was to help people develop these areas of intelligence so they would excel in any area of their choosing. The key to Sternberg’s belief is the elements of studying and practicing. He believed that a person’s social background plays an important role along with their mental capacity and, therefore, includes in his theory what he calls “Practical
Intelligence by definition is “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills” (Oxford Dictionary, 2014). However, many psychologists argue that there is no standard definition of ‘intelligence’, and there have been many different theories over time as psychologists try to find better ways to define this concept (Boundless 2013). While some believe in a single, general intelligence, others believe that intelligence involves multiple abilities and skills. Another largely debated concept is whether intelligence is genetically determined and fixed, or whether is it open to change, through learning and environmental influence. This is commonly known as the nature vs. nurture debate.
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R. (2000). Emotional intelligence as Zeitgeist, as personality, and as a mental ability. The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, ed/. J.D.A. Parker 9San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp92-117.
An individual’s ability to control and express their emotions is just as important as his/her ability to respond, understand, and interpret the emotions of others. The ability to do both of these things is emotional intelligence, which, it has been argued, is just as important if not more important than IQ (Cassady & Eissa, 2011). Emotional intelligence refers to one’s ability to perceive emotions, control them, and evaluate them. While some psychologists argue that it is innate, others claim that it is possible to learn and strengthen it. Academically, it has been referred to as social intelligence sub-set. This involves an individual’s ability to monitor their emotions and feelings, as well as those of others, and to differentiate them in a manner that allows the individuals to integrate them in their actions and thoughts (Cassady & Eissa, 2011).