Stereotypes Of Dogs Essay

Around 10 thousand years ago the domestication of dog started. The main assumption is that we needed a dog to hunt, but more than likely wolf's approached us as a superior hunter to get our scraps stated by Brian Hare(1). Dogs have slowly moved their way to being man's best friend. We began using them for medical research. Us and dogs share a lot of homologs about 82% according to Xu Beixi(2). Dogs started by taking the tamest one and breeding that with more tame. We want submissive dogs They still carry traits from younger or juvenile wolves like barking, winning, and submissive rolling said by Jill Adams(3). The big thing to remember with dog genetics is that all dogs are the same with different paint jobs. People breed dogs for behaviors and appearances. The behaviors we

were picking for the dogs were ones with working purpose. They would try and breed dogs that have an attraction to the water with a non high prey drive to catch birds being hunted by humans. There are also dogs to hunt bears and keep cattle in their place. Genetics of the dog and breeding started with just picking and choosing the cutest or best working ones and “pure” breeding them.
Dogs are all the same genetic wise, but they have different paint jobs and behaviors. But, why does Dalmatian get kidney stone disease, and a golden retriever is more likely to get hip dyspepsia. There are some dogs who live longer than others. There are so much differences in dogs, but, they are all the same. With them being so different they need more help with breeding healthy dogs. People normally want a purebred dog. With pure breed it's actually more likely to suffer from more diseases because they have insects breeding in their line.
The oldest historical breeding of dogs was bred for tameness and submissiveness. We would pick the dogs that were the kindest or wouldn't nip much and breed them within themselves. with breeding for tameness we picked up traits such as soft mouth, duller teeth, and whining past puppy age and lower energy levels from Jill Adams(3).
Historic dog breeding was picking and choosing the best to put forth into breeding more. The base of that was to breed the best looking and best working. Smaller breeds of dogs are considered show breeds or lap dogs because they are only bred for their looks. Bigger breed of dogs is mostly working breeds. Like sheep dogs herd sheep and blood hounds used to track. All their breeding was based on the phenotypes of the dog. Not based on the dog's overall being. Around 10 thousand years ago the domestication of dog started. This would make unhealthy breeding and living standards. This will also make it easier for more diseases to happen and form or recessive traits to be prevalent. There are also diseases that we don't even notice like more than likely a lot of golden retrievers have the skin condition, but since they are so covered in fur we just so no and its dominant. we also share this disease with dogs, but it's not as prevalent in US due to selective breeding.
A slight benefit to getting recessive genes is for medical research. We use a lot of dogs for dermatological research. Humans and dogs share similar skin conditions such as PNPLA1 or fish scales. It's a dominate trait among Labradors and is super common, but we don't see it much in people. Selective breeding is at work. We also use some for narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder Humans share with canines.
Since dogs are all basically the same with different paint jobs and behaviors.

let's dig into phenotype. Dog breeders look for dogs that look like the breed standards. Chow Chows are supposed to have big blue tongues and very wrinkly faces. Dachshunds are supposed to be long and thin. If a dog does not meet breed standards generally they are fixed and sold. Dogs who are standard and look really nice tend to become show dogs. A phenotype that dog breeders look for would be their coat coloration, There coat texture, And their facial structure. How some dog breeders achieve the breed standard look wood to incest breed them. Take a show Winning couple breed one of their daughters with the father and or vice versa with mother and son. and this would give you a purebred dog. With this comes a lot more genetic health problems. “The inbred dog has a weaker immune system that is less able to fight off these infections than dogs that have a wider range of genetic diversity.” From Vet(4). Physical problems of inbreeding would be a lower immune system, More susceptible to generic breed health issues such as hip dyspepsia and kidney stones. Pure breeding also can limit the number of Offspring

produced.
Now with inbreeding this does not mean that all puppies will be sick or unhealthy dogs. These have just been increased risks of inbreeding. Therese also trait passing sex linked. This means a father and daughter can breed and a disease could not be passed, but, a mother and son could pass an illness.

Domestication of dogs it made it so they respond to our behaviors and emotions.
There are breed standards for looks and behavior. Behavior standards are how cattle dogs have a strong prey drive and are extremely energetic. They also show signs of grab-biting or if you have children they will try and herd them with or without training. “Herding breeds strongly express predatory motor patterns such as stalking. More advanced aspects of the canine hunting sequence (grabbing) are differentially developed among herding dogs, with breeds like the Australian cattle dog,” said by Am J Hum Genet (5). With breeding and its standards, there is complication. Inbreeding also affects the behavior of dogs and their development. Dogs that are inbred can show signs of more aggression and slight intelligence defect. These signs are shown in biting, rough playing, and trying to escape(6). Dogs though having issue with behavior and breeding.
The more modern part of dog genetics is people are making websites and sequencing dogs genome out. There are websites like mydogdna where you can send a swab from your dog's mouth then you receive what breeds your dog is. There are also websites like Embark when you can receive your dog's genome. This test will tell you what dog, where they come from, and future health risks of the animal.
The evaluation of dog breeding has come far, and is slowly getting to be at the same as humans. Having the dog breeding industry grow is a pro and con. Hopefully with the technological advances it will help make dog breeding safer and healthier, Also help make us closer to our furry friends, and help with genetic research to save others.