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The effects of stereotype threat
Effects of stereotype
Effects of stereotype
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In this study, we looked at two independent variables, consisting of the stereotype threat variable, and the race. It is a 2x3 between subject factorial design with 2 levels of the stereotype threat variable and three levels of race. Presenting it as an intelligence test or cognitive ability test stimulates the stereotype threat, triggered by making their athlete status salient, and the race variable is divided into African- Americans, European-Americans, and Europeans.
Participants
Participants are all the athletes from the official NCAA D2 teams from Clayton State University (n= 240). We were interested in the different academic outcomes triggered by a racial stereotype between student athletes from three different racial ethnicities and origins. Therefore we split the group of each ethnicity into two groups, so we had 40 participants in each control and experimental group of African- Americans, European- Americans, and Europeans. Consequently, the final sample was comprised of 80 African- Americans, 80 European- Americans and 80 Europeans. Clayton State University is
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Data from the questionnaire will allow the researcher to correlate specific demographic variables with other study variables and to divide the participants in the three ethnicity groups to finalize the randomly selected control and experimental group. The questionnaire has been designed to collect the following demographic variables: age, gender, major, country of origin, ethnicity, citizenship, location spent most of the time till the age of 18, educational level, and the length of sport participation to trigger the stereotype about their athletic identity. This information will also be used to make assumptions about the causes of the different results such as age or the country of origin. Furthermore, the participants profile gives future research the opportunity to use the data on wider
The issue of race in sport is somewhat baffling in that many people would rather not address at all even though sport has been intricately intertwined with racial issues throughout the Twentieth century. Those who would have us omit the topic altogether argue that analyses typically single out the black athlete, and then attempt to explain his/her inordinate success in ways different than we do with other groups. Critics contend that this is racist, since it perpetuates the idea that blacks are different, and often inferior. Edwards (1972) asserts that a typical theme resulting from such analysis is that blacks are physically superior, but intellectually inferior, to whites. Hoberman (1997) has further made the case that physical prowess, especially in such sports as basketball, has become a defining characteristic of the African-American community, and that beliefs about physical superiority are closely related to an anti-intellectualism that permeates black male culture. Essentially, Hoberman’s argument is that inordinate attention and idolization of prominent black athletes such as Michael Jordan has focused attention away from more realistic and important role models, and this, in turn has stunted intellectual, and social economic development in black communities.
Racial Inequities in NCAA Division I College Sports." Graduate School of Education Center (2013). University of Pennsylvania. Center for the Study of Race and Equity in Education, 2013. Web.
A substantial amount of educational and psychological research has consistently demonstrated that African American students underperform academically relative to White students. For example, they tend to receive lower grades in school (e.g., Demo & Parker, 1987; Simmons, Brown, Bush, & Blyth, 1978), score lower on standardized tests of intellectual ability (e.g., Bachman, 1970; Herring, 1989; Reyes & Stanic, 1988; Simmons et al., 1978), drop out at higher rates (e.g., American Council on Education, 1990; Steele, 1992), and graduate from college with substantially lower grades than White students (e.g., Nettles, 1988). Such performance gaps can be attributed to any number of factors, such as socioeconomic status, academic preparation, and educational opportunities; however, Steele (1997) pointed out that even when background factors are held constant, subsequent achievement remains lower for minority students. Moreover, much research in this area has focused on how African American students’ lack of motivation and negative attitudes contribute to their inferior academic performance (Ogbu, 1990); yet many Black students often report high educational aspirations (Fordham, 1996; Fine, 1991; Ogbu, 1987, 1990; Hauser & Anderson, 1991), even higher than White students of comparable class background (MacLeod, 1995). What remains certain is the urgent need to explain what accounts for the persistent academic underachievement of Black students.
It goes without saying that a person's gender, racial and social origins influence their participation in sports. Particular races and genders often dominate certain sports. African Americans, for example, tend to dominate football and basketball, while Caucasians tend to dominate ice hockey. The same holds true for gender as well. Football is an entirely male dominated sport, while horseback riding, gymnastics and figure skating are much more female oriented. How and why did these divisions come about? Determining the origin of gender goes beyond the scope of this paper, however one can speculate about how gender classifications and stereotypes affect one's role in the sports arena.
The role of college athletics in the American home is known to all. The traditional football games on Thanksgiving and New Year's Day. March Madness for NCAA men's basketball as well as the year's end Rose bowl for college football leaves fans glued to their televisions for hours. Millions of Americans stare at ESPN or absorb themselves in the most recent issue of Sports Illustrated just to catch the latest news on their favorite teams' recruits, recent games, and statistics. Often just viewed as a past time to most it is easy to lose sight of why these athletes are on the field , court, etc. to begin with. Believe it or not, it's for their education. These young adults ranging anywhere from seventeen to twenty-three years of age are all members of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association). As such these students must initially meet the requirements to get accepted into their chosen university, participate in their sport, and ultimately graduate from their selected institution. It is often forgotten that these members are students first and athletes second. Delving deeper into this very controversial matter are the race and gender issues that come into play. The most affected minority group affected by these stipulations and is the African American. While struggling through the ongoing prejudice and discrimination that still exists today, African American athletes are still expected to follow the same guidelines as every other student that participates in college athletics. By investigating the trends from the past years of African American athletes beginning with their entrance into college throughout their athletic and academic careers and then a...
Jensen, Mark, et al. "The Athlete Stigma in Higher Education." College Student Journal 41.2 (2007): 251-273. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Nov. 2011.
Race, gender, and socioeconomic status are enduring social characteristics that influence life outcomes and children and adolescents cannot control (Murphy, Gaughan, Hume, & Moore, 2010). With the unequal distribution of society’s resources based on race and gender and the negative view of African American males, African American males’ ability to access and complete college is hampered. Although athletics is often viewed as a way to improve one’s life chances, African-American male athletes perform worse academically than any of their peers (Murphy, Gaughan, Hume, & Moore, 2010), which threatens their college completion goals.
Stone, Jeff, C. Keith Harrison, and JaVonte Mottley. "“Don't Call Me A Student-Athlete”: The Effect Of Identity Priming On Stereotype Threat For Academically Engaged African American College Athletes." Basic & Applied Social Psychology 34.2 (2012): 99-106. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Mar. 2014
The plight of athletes of color in American sports has been a well-documented and heavily conversed issue throughout society. Our treatment of these athletes was unwarranted, unfair and unacceptable, but all of that seemed to be over with pioneers such as Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in the early 20th century and finally bringing athletes of color to the same playing field as their white counterparts. Today, we proudly proclaim that our major American sports are completely void of all stereotyping and racism that plagued them in their infancy. It is obvious that this is not true with various examples such as the Donald Sterling incident showing that there are some whimpers of outright racism remaining, but there also may be be an issue that is much more widespread than we realize. A phenomenon we now call “unconscious racism” explains that in modern society we have effectively internalized our racist rhetoric to the point where it is now subtle and almost second nature. This is especially clear in the National Football League in the treatment of black quarterbacks. These quarterbacks are subjected to harsher and often more unfair scrutiny than their white counterparts, despite their similar production, as a result this new breed of subconscious racism.
African Americans make up approximately 12% of the population in the US, yet make up 37% of college football student athletes (Sailes.1994). Miami’s roster was mostly African American, which fueled the stigma as blacks are overrepresented in sports. Many think African Americans are physically different and possess traits that make them better athletes, but studies prove this stereotype is false. Anatomic research shows that there are significant differences between black and white athletes, but all are insignificant and do not give blacks an advantage on the field. (Sailes.1994) Even though studies prove this stereotype to be false, stacking will keep the belief in racial stereotypes. These stereotypes, fueled by the media, just amplified the race war that was developing amongst Coral Gables and Liberty City
Society describes stereotyping as a generalization about a main group of people whereby they attribute a defined set of characteristics based on their appearance. We usually stereotype people when we are unable or unwilling to obtain all of the information that we need to make a fair judgment about people. Furthermore, when we judge people and groups based on our prejudices and stereotypes we start to treat them differently because we are discriminating them without even knowing them. Both authors Debra Merskin and Richard Lapchick convey the importance that stereotypes plays in our society, especially for Indians and athletes.
In a recent study, 403 participants were first asked to answer a short questionnaire regarding their gender, age, and physical exercise habits. They then completed a questionnaire regarding perceived characteristics of a sport. In this latter questionnaire, the respondent was asked to rate to what degree the descriptor is characteristic of the sport or those practicing the sport using a seven-point scale from 1 (“Not at all characteristic of the sport/sport participant”) to 7 (“Very much characteristic of the sport/sport participant”). For each participant, the sport to be rated was randomly selected out of 41 different sports, 19 of which had been previously labeled gender-neutral, 7 of which ha...
Dealing with the issue of sport and ethnology, three major factors come to mind; prejudice, racism, and discrimination. These factors span across gender, ethnic, racial, religious, and cultural groups. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss how these factors have played a part in the evolution of sport in our society. The first issue tackled in this paper will be racism in sports, followed by prejudice and discrimination.
Essay on Racism and Sports Racial stereotypes impact societal perceptions and permeate organizations perpetuating institutionalized racism in sports. As Author, Lori Latrice Martin discusses how the foundations of race have affected minorities and that stereotypes and class systems have limited people of color from participating in sports and has limited people from showing their full potential. Allan G. Johnson, however, discusses that race was not an idea until America. He believes that race is not seen as an idea in other countries, because of the matter that their priorities and perceptions discussed are different from America’s.
If a young girl is walking alone through a park late at night and encounters three senior citizens walking with canes and three teenage boys wearing leather jackets, it is likely that she will feel threatened by the latter and not the former. Why is this so? To start off, we have made a generalization in each case. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Often, these stereotypical generalizations are not accurate. We are succumbing to prejudice by ?ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the total facts?1.