Steel production(p7)
Steel manufacturing has many different processes and can be a very complex to manufacture. Firstly the iron ore needs to be mined out of the ground before steel production can begin.From this process of mining the steel can then start it production process and begin the vital three stages needed to produce steel. Firstly a very intensive heat source needs to be produced to melt the iron ore. After this stage the intensive heat generated in the furnace is used to melt the iron ore. Then at its third stage the molten iron is used to produce steel this process will almost always take place at the same facility because of the intense heating and continuous production line like process.
Global steel production is very dependent on coal over 70% of steel produced today will use coal.
Metallurgical coal or coking coal is a very vital ingredient in the steel making process. In the production process of the worlds steel 2010 saw around 1.4 billion tons being manufactured and around 721 million tonnes of coking coal had to be used in the production.
Coking coal is a process that is used to help drive away impurities and leave almost pure carbon based material. The properties of coking coal cause the coal to soften, liquefy and then resolidify into a hard and porous lumps when heated in the absence of air. Coking must also have very low sulphur and phosphorous content this is due to the fact that almost all metallurgical coal is used in coke ovens. At this point the coking process undertakes being heated to around 1000 - 1100⁰C this has to be in the absents of oxygen to drive off any volatile compounds (Pyrolysis).
The coking process can take a very long time in the ovens timings are normally around 12-36 hours. Once the...
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...ture is as pure as possible to perform the task required as having the wrong formula will make the life of the material alter and quality of the strength.
Protection of metallic zinc by either hot-dip galvanizing or electroplating, Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap, adheres well to steel, and provides cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the zinc layer. In more corrosive environments (such as salt water), cadmium plating is preferred. Galvanization often fails at seams, holes, and joints where there are gaps in the coating. In these cases, the coating still provides some partial cathodic protection to iron, by acting as a galvanic anode and corroding itself instead of the underlying protected metal. The protective zinc layer is consumed by this action, and thus galvanization provides protection only for a limited period of time.
Iron ore is dug up from the mines and crushed and screened to the correct size fraction, where it is sent to the blast furnace. The blast furnaces uses iron ore, sinter (agglomeration of iron ore, coke and flux fines), and coke to smelt and reduce the iron oxides into liquid iron. This is done by blasting hot in the bottom of the furnace, combusting the coke and producing reducing gasses which helps reduce the iron oxides into iron. Molten iron is then cast into ladles and sent to the BOS (Basic Oxygen Steelmaking) furnace. A lance is injected into the vessel with oxygen at supersonic speeds to remove the carbon from the molten iron into form molten steel. Alloys are then added and cast into the steel stock (slabs, ingots, bar, ect...)
Roughly 68 percent of the electricity generated in the United States of America is produced by fossil fuels. That includes petroleum, natural gases and coal. Although coal contributes around 37 percent to the factor, it is by far not the cleanest of them all. Some might argue that it is good for the economy because it is cheap and it creates jobs.. But the other side of the story portrays coal mining as a process that kills thousands of coal miners a year and that it practically destroys the environment around the mining with soot and air pollution. Mining now days is a big part of urbanization; due to how cheap the process is. There are different ways that coal mining is done. Mainly mountain top removal is done but there are many other
Although coal mining is important to local and global economies, there are many environmental impacts of both the mining and use of coal that must be considered. Actions can be taken to mitigate these environmental impacts but it is up to scientists to identify these potential problems and put plans into action before it is too late.
The extraordinary power of the steel industry to shape the life of its communities and the people in them remain...
Coal is one of the world’s most abundant fossil fuels. Coal was formed during the Carboniferous Period when dead plant material was buried and subjected to high pressure and heat. Coal is classified by moisture content and composition. There are four d...
Coal was the cutting edge of energy generation before any other source was extensively used. Wood, wind, water, and muscle power provided nearly all of the energy before the widespread adoption of coal. The greater energy density of coal provides a greater efficiency than these other methods of generating power; combine that greater efficiency with its ease of transportation and coal easily becomes the fuel of a nation. In its early days, coal was mined and consumed in England, a country short on wood and usable water power. This shortage in other areas left a gap that the relatively cheap coal could fill. Coal allowed for industry and manufacturing to grow and produce profits greater than almost any other industry. Coal gained its popularity mainly because it had an economic value in that it provided energy in quantities and in locations that were unobtainable and unreachable for the other energy sources at the time. This start in England led to momentum in ta...
Coal also can be very damaging to the environment. People in the coal industry don’t always follow the precautions needed for helping the recovering environment that coal mining hurt. Most of the time water is polluted from the byproduct the is produced while mining coal. Like acid mine drainage, air pollution from coal-fired power plants, coal dust, coal sludge, and mountaintop
How coal is formed is quite an interesting topic. It started over millions of years ago in ancient swamps when vegetation and trees died and formed peat (it is where vegetation builds up and turns into a super messy pile of stuff). This peat was eventually covered with either dirt or sand. As the peat is covered and pressure the gas that the peat gives off starts to get trapped in the new forming coal. Several years the peat now turns to rock known as coal. As the planetary plates shift the coal moves and forms pockets and runs in the earth. Then people came along and found out how to harness is power. People had to get the coal out of the earth. One way they found out how to get it out was to dig it out of the underground tunnels to find where the coal runs. Another way to get the coal is to strip mine the coal this is where the miners remove huge amounts of dirt to get to the coal. Both of these mining techniques are extremely dangers.
To begin, evidence of steel goes back 4,000 years, but not until the late 1800s did the steel age begin. Iron was Steel was not mass produced until the Bessemer Process was created. The Bessemer Process is when the extra carbon in molten pig iron is removed by oxidation. “Not only did the Bessemer Process impact the society of the time but also sent ripples throughout the years.”(From
This paper will first discuss the development of the steel industry. Next, it will examine steel, and in the impact it had on the transportation industry. Finally, it will discuss systematic management practices of this time and how they gave birth to the scientific approach that is still in use today.
In her book Coal A Human History, Barbara Freese states "The mundane mineral that built our global economyand even today powers our electrical plantshas also caused death, disease, and environmental destruction" (front flap) Today, coal provides for more than 55% of the electricity generated in the U.S. (Cullen, Robert Vol.272) Coal miners have had one of the most dangerous jobs in history before government regulation. Many miners had to work underground for 10 + hours a day and 6 days a week(Cobb, James "Coal") The number of deaths per year is the equivalent of a Titanic going down in the nation's coal fields each year (Turkington, Carol) According to James Cobb from the World Book Online Reference Center mine safety involves four main types of problems including accidents involving machinery, roof and rib failures, accumulations of gases and concentrations of coal dust.
Basically, there are 2 major things happening in steel industry: globalization and consolidation between steelmakers. China as a leading consumer of steel also heavily influences the industry. The recent article from The Economist below actually answers both questions and gives great examples :
Burning and mining coal for fuel is harmful to the environment but because how cheap and easy it is to find many people are unwilling to give it up as a fuel source. One of the problems with coal is that they are limited and are non-renewable so once it has been used we won’t be able to use it again.
In this report we want to know how process in manufacturing is done, what they consider in this manufacturing process and different organizations in production process.
Toughness is the ability of a metal to mutilate plastically and to absorb energy in the process before it breaks or fracture. Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. This can be done by using heat treatment processes which include precipitation strengthening, quenching, annealing and tempering. Annealing and tempering are the most prominent methods for treating metals. A material may become more or less brittle, harder or softer, or stronger or weaker, depending on the treatment used.