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Chapter 1 part 1 the study of human development
Chapter 1 part 1 the study of human development
Human development theory
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Human development is the way a person grows and how they change throughout each stage of life. There are many stages of development starting at the point of conception and continuing until death. A crucial stage of development begins at fertilization throughout the prenatal development. Understanding the way in which we grow is interesting and important to know what influences determine the way we develop. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015). In order to study the development, researchers have to experiment using three different designs known as cross sectional design, longitudinal design, and cross sequential design. These designs are focused to research age-related changes among humans. Each design is slightly different. When using the longitudinal design, the research is a long process in which the same participant is studied throughout their growth. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015). This design is used more than once on the same person, studied over a lifetime. Longitudinal …show more content…
When an egg and sperm meet this process is known as fertilization. The zygote will begin the process of dividing into cells, eventually becoming a baby. When the zygote process of dividing does not work, “twins and multiples are sometimes the result.” There are identical twins and fraternal twins. When one egg is fertilized the babies will be identical. However, when two eggs are fertilized the babies will be fraternal. When the cells do not split apart the twins will be conjoined. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015). Prenatal development has three different stages during the pregnancy. The first period is known as the Germinal Period. This period lasts for two weeks in which the zygote moves down to the uterus, the mass of cells attach to the walls of the uterus, the placenta begins to develop, and the umbilical cord begins to develop. During this period the cells begin to develop into various cells that make up the human body. (Ciccarelli & White,
Schuster, C. S., and Ashburn, S. S., (1980). The Process of Human Development: A Holistic Approach. Boston: Little, Brown and Company Inc.
Conjoined twins have one major cause, which makes them conjoined. When an egg is produced and is fertilized by sperm, 3 things can happen, the egg can grow and form only one fetus, the egg can split and form identical twins (triplets) or the egg can partially split and grow into conjoined twins. Usually identical twins are formed during the first 12 days after the conception date, but when the process happens the 13th or 14th day, the egg doesn’t fully se...
Human development is the freedom people have to decide what they want to do, what they want to be and how to live their life. Cultures, education and different places keep the connection of people to have skills important to the society. Psychology sees human development as a process which enhances ordinary people’s lives. This happens through schools, homes, churches, shopping centres, university or on social media, online.
Dacey, J., Travers, J., & Fiore, L. (2009). Human Develpment Across The Lifespan. New York: McGraw-Hill .
You begin life as a single cell, formed when the sperm fertilises the egg. Out of all the sperm it only takes one sperm and one egg to fertilise at conception. This is called fertilization; which takes place in the Fallopian tube, the fertilized egg then divides
Fraternal twins are the most common type of twins. They are the result of the union of two eggs and two sperm. Fraternal twins can be the same or different sexes (Wade 53). Segal says that, “They are two individuals, no more genetically alike than brothers and sisters that develop from separate fertilizations” (Segal 1). Amazingly, fraternal twins can be conceived at separate times and have different fathers. It seems to be a hereditable trait to conceive fraternal twins. Yet, tendency to conceive conjoined twins may be caused by genetic and environmental conditions (Hunter 1).
Human development describes the life stages of human beings that progress from birth to death. This essay will use theorists Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson to compare early adulthood to middle adulthood focusing on their physical, cognitive, and social development. The essay will also define stress and discuss the best ways to cope with stress.
There are two different ways to break down the prenatal time period: by trimester or by periods. The first period is called the germinal period. This time frame consists of the first fourteen days of the baby’s development starting with conception. During these two weeks, the fertilized egg makes it’s way into the uterus for implantation in the lining of the uterus. The next period, the embryonic period starts here. The embryonic period lasts the third through the eighth week of pregnancy. During this time period, according to Kathleen Stassen Burger, Author of The Developing Person: Through Childhood and Adolescence, “…the formless mass of cells becomes a distinct being-not yet recognizably human, but worthy of a new name, embryo” (Burg...
This process is called conception, the female is now officially two weeks pregnant and the fertilized egg is called a zygote. Let’s move on to pregnancy. Pregnancy is a state in which a woman carries a fertilized egg inside her body, it usually lasts up to 40 weeks, and it is divided into three trimesters, each lasting three months. The first month. The embryo is about a third of an inch long. The head, trunk, and the beginnings of the arms and legs have started to develop. By this month, the embryo starts to receive nutrients and releases waste through the umbilical cord and placenta. The heart also starts to beat. The second month. The heart is now pumping and the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord begins to develop. The fetus is 1 in 2.5cm now and has developed cartilage skeleton. The arms, legs, facial features and other major organs begin to appear. The third month. The fetus has grown up to 4 in 10cm and weighs a little more than an ounce. The major blood vessels are almost completed and the face starts to show up more. The kidneys and the 4 chambers of the heart are now complete. The fourth month. The fetus is now 4 oz of 112g and can kick and swallow. The
There are eight periods of human development that include, prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. These eight periods make up the three major developmental periods; child, adolescent and adult development.
The course of prenatal development normally initiates with fertilization and ends with birth, lasting 38 to 40 weeks of gestation. It can be separated into three phases: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. The first two weeks after conception the germinal stage of prenatal development takes place. During this stage, a group of cells,
Throughout the life of an embryo/fetus before it is born as a grown baby, there are several stages that their bodies have to go through. Cells that are formed earlier and have not been specialized yet can be identify as stem cells. When the spiral cord begins to form the embryo is coming into three weeks of growth and begins to have a system to support its body (Sigelman & Rider). This time is very vulnerable for the development of the baby’s organs (Holt, Rinehart & Winston). Five to six weeks the torso, head, and limbs and begun to form. Also the system that takes shape to transport nutrients known as the umbilical cord has formed to the body. A tiny heart is now beginning to pump blood and have a beat (Sigelman & Rider). Coming up to seven and eight weeks, the organs of the embryo have started to function and the embryo is now called a fetus (Miller & Levine). The time after the ninth week to the birth of the child is referred to as the fetal period. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth month the features of the body start to form and become more complex and specialized which gives ...
As children grow towards adolescence they go through many stages of development. Child development refers to the stages of physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and language growth that occurs from the birth to beginning of adulthood. All aspects of a child's development may be affected by many different factors, including a poor learning environment, lack of social interaction, cultural background differences, abuse, and loss of a parent. All of the before mentioned examples can affect the child's maturation, "a biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience" (Myers 172). Children grow and mature at very different rates, some faster than others, which is why it is necessary to understand the importance of the different types of child development. Though all parts of child development are important, it is probably language learning that is most important to a child's development as a whole.
Those who have arrived at the ovum try to drill through its shell. Those sperm cells that were able to drill through the shell are now in a space that is filled with liquid. If a sperm manages to penetrate into the cytoplasm of the cell nucleus, the fertilization takes place: Both the egg cell and the sperm cell have all stored the genetic information necessary for the development of a human being. Both fuse together during fertilization. Essential characteristics of the developing human being (gender, hair color, blood type, etc.) are therefore already defined from this point in time. Fusing of two sperm with just one egg is extremely unlikely. Immediately after fertilization by the first sperm cell, the outer layer of the “egg” becomes impassable for more sperm. Should it nevertheless occur, then the double-fertilized egg in these cases is not viable and will not usually grow. The child (so to say) is not able to correctly develop and severe disabilities can form, in most of these cases the body will discard the fertilized egg at some point. If the child is carried to full term they will most likely be triploid, and have an extra set of chromosomes in their cells. Triploidy is considered a lethal
Each person’s life consists of normal stages of development; this is known as life span development. This development starts at infancy and continues through death. In each stage of development, each person experiences four types of development; physical, cognitive, social, and personality.