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Sparta and Athens - Explain and Contrast
Both Sparta and Athens were Greek city-states. Sparta was a strict military ruled city-state where the people established themselves as a military power early. However Athens was more of a political city-state that was more involved with their economical stature than their military forces. Still changes from the Persian wars would change the powers of the city-state and somewhat unite them.
Sparta was a strict military city-state. The people were Dorians who conquered Laconia. This region lies in the Peloponnesus, which lied in southern Greece. The invaders turned the conquered people into state owned slaves, called helots. Since the helots greatly outnumbered their rulers, Spartans established a strict and brutal system of control. The Spartan government had two kings and a council of elders who advised the monarchs. An assembly made up of all citizens approved all major decisions. From child-hood, a Spartan prepared to be part of the military. All newborn were examined and the healthy lived and the sickly were left to die. Spartans wanted future soldiers or mothers of soldiers to be healthy. At the age of seven, boys trained for a lifetime in the Spartan military. They moved to the barracks and endured brutal and extensive training.
Athens was located in Attica, just north of the Peloponnesus. As in many Greek city-states, Athenian government evolved from a monarchy into an aristocracy. Around 700 B.C., noble landowners chose the chief officials. Nobles judged major cases in court and dominated the assembly. Athenian wealth and power grew under the aristocracy. Yet discontent spread over the commoners. Merchants and soldiers resented the power of the nobles and argued that their services to Athens entitled them to more rights. As discontent spread the government slowly moved towards a democracy. Solon, one of Athens greatest leaders, made many reforms such as outlawing debt slavery. And freed those who had already been sod into slavery due to debt. Solon encouraged the export of olive oil and other such products, aiding to the economy.
The Persian war brought massive change to the people of both Sparta and Athens. The Persians were great conquerors who crushed rebel cities with ease. King Darius sent a large force to punish Athens with its interference. The Persian army landed at Marathon where Athenian forces attacked. Though they were outnumbered 2 to 1 they emerged victorious. Athens had convinced Sparta and other city-states to join them in their battles.
Although the Ionian revolt was ultimately unsuccessful, it sparked the anger of Darius, the King of Persia, that the Athenians dared to interfere with his vast empire. Herodotus writes he was so angry that he "ordered one of his servants to say to him three times every day before dinner, 'Sire, remember the Athenians" (Hdt. 5.105.2). Whether Darius really said this is questionable, but it is clear that either to exact venge... ... middle of paper ... ... reeks won a war of unbeatable odds because they had both everything to lose and everything to gain - their very survival.
Some participants say they use the internet the entire time they are awake. Tolerance is the increasing amount of a substance over time in order to achieve the desired effect meaning that subtle use was not enough. Craving is another symptom seen but not assessed in the DSM-5. Participants report craving internet use especially when the see that internet access is available to them. Loss of interest in other hobbies or activities was another sign seen in activities such as reduced either academic or project work, reduced socialization with friends and family, and reduced exercise because of the use of internet. The use of the internet in order to escape or relieve a negative mood was also observed among the participants, internet use is used as a distraction. The last symptom observed by the study was the “lying about the use”, individuals would lie to their family, friends, and therapist in order to conceal the extent of their involvement with the
Athens took over leadership of Greece in 487BC with the Delian League.With Sparta caught up in internal problems in the Peloponnese, and the war with the helots further stretching them, Athenian democracy was continuing to move up.
Greece is a country united by its name, but divided by its ways. Although Sparta and Athens were both Greek cities, their societies were different. Sparta was focused on having a perfect military, whereas Athenian daily life revolved learning and knowledge. When Spartan boys were being trained for an army, Athenian boys were being trained for life. Both of these societies revolved around different government, education from when kids to teenagers, the responsibilities each individual had to keep their spot, and how women played a role throughout each city state.
Allport, a pillar of personality psychology, defined personality through individual traits, a relatively permanent characteristic, existence of which can be verified scientifically through empirical or statistical analysis (Allport, 1931). He used a lexical approach to identify thousands dispositions that can describe an individual, and organized them into three major categories: cardinal (dominant), central (common), and secondary (unique) traits. Allport’s advised that while traits have a universal aspect, they should be examined and explained with caution and artistry. Interpretations of behavioral variance should consider both contextual circumstances and possibility of coexisting contradictory traits in one individual. He further suggested that patterns and...
A trait is a stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave a certain way. A person’s personality is made up of a special combination of various traits that are unique to each individual (Cherry). In 1936, psychologist Gordon Allport categorized all of the traits into three levers: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. He said that cardinal traits are traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, that central traits are general characteristics that form the basis of the personality, and that secondary traits are traits that refer to specific attitudes or preferences that only appear in certain situations (Cherry).
Sparta, an ancient Greek city-state, is well-known for its militaristic lifestyle and its soldiers’ prowess in battle. Though war was an essential part of life in Sparta, many other aspects contributed to its society. Sparta’s origin, unique government, slaves, bold women, and elite warriors all shaped the legendary city-state and defined its culture. In approximately 650 B.C., Sparta was formed in the Peloponnese peninsula in Laconia by several smaller city-states that merged together. Located near the fertile farmlands of the Eurotas River, the Peloponnese peninsula was an ideal area to establish a new civilization (Sekunda 3).
Another reason Sparta won was because of the Persians. Sparta had an extremely strong land force and a small navy. Persia sent naval ships to the Spartans and hoped to help destroy the Athenian empire (Hunt p. 80). Without the help of Persia, the war may have turned out a little differently.
Wittig, A. F., Belkin, G. S., & Wittig, A. F. (1990). Chapter 13: Personality Principles. In Introduction to Psychology (pp. 279-280). New York: McGraw-Hill.
...2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 277-283. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880
The lack of a common naming system in internet addiction works to heighten the challenges related to the issue. Some terminologies used to describe internet addiction include compulsive, excessive, pathological, and problematic internet use, internet dependency, virtual addiction, internet abuse, as well as internet addiction disorder (Carlisle et al., 2016). This lack of a commonly accepted classification implies that it may be difficult to include internet addiction in DSM-5 for easier diagnosis and intervention. However, the article reports of various researchers who agree that substance addiction and behavior addiction have similar bio-psychosocial processes as well as features. Most process addictions with the inclusion of internet addiction intersect as mental health challenges. While gambling addiction is the first to be included in DSM-III as one of the process addictions, challenges arise on ways in which clinicians will utilize newfangled diagnosis, and ways in which researchers will join efforts to define various forms of process addiction as a clinical challenge. Though section 3 of the DSM-5 has incorporated internet gaming disorder, it is claimed to be unclear and may wrongly compel clinicians to diagnose process addictions with the diagnosis manual (Carlisle et al., 2016). There is, therefore a need to come up with a
Our society is becoming more technology advanced every day. It seems like new flips and gadgets are coming out every month. The latest phone is being updated, new software is available for download and we all have the urge to poses it. It's safe to say that technology and the use of the internet is becoming more and more widely spread throughout our world today, but being attached to the internet can have negative side effects and be harmful to ourselves. That's where the word "internet addiction" comes in. Internet addiction is a slightly growing problem that’s becoming a huge issue in our world today. Internet addiction can cause people to lose sight of focus and affect their work productivity. The internet is easily available in many countries especially since Internet connectivity speed is increasing and access is rising as well. Some of the websites that cause people to be attached to the internet are social media, gaming, porn, internet surfing, gambling and a few more. If we use the internet wisely, it will benefit us as opposed to harming us in the long run.
Costea, I., Jinaru, A., Munteanu, A., Palos, R. (2009). Psychological and behavior aspects regarding internet addiction. Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Annals-DAAAM-Proceedings/224712930.html
Living in the 21st century means dealing with technology every day. Constantly kids, teens, and students alike use the internet for homework, games, and just to stay connected on social media. Mild to severe depression is likely in younger people who are addicted to the internet. Internet addiction is excessive computer use that gets in the way of daily life. Internet addiction was not even recognized as a problem until the mid-1980s when psychologist Ivan Goldberg proposed it as a hoax. (Qiaolei) People who are addicted to the internet would rather play games, chat in online communities, and view pornographic websites than actually meeting and socializing with real people face to face. Some people who spend an extra amount of time online might not even notice their absence from social interactions and signs of depression might sneak up on them. People who are experiencing depression from the internet use the internet to “self-medicate” which is the same as someone abusing alcohol or other drugs to treat a disorder. (Wilson) Some signs of internet caused depression include difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, and loss of interest in activities or hobbies that were once enjoyable. The internet is becoming a necessity of most people lives. Balancing the online world and real life is important in maintaining relationships and avoiding
NetAddiction.com, a center for online addiction, classifies internet addiction disorder as “a compulsive behavior in which the Internet becomes the organizing principle of addicts' lives.” Having an addiction and engaging in compulsive behavior are two entirely different concepts. Internet addiction often arises from a low self-esteem or depression. Moreover, people with ADHD are more prone to the addiction because of boredom and the constant stimulation of the technology. Psychologists suggest that Internet addiction can be a symptom of a more recognized problem such as social isolation (Stewart) (Zed).