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Brief history of south africa apartheid
Aids crisis in south africa
History of the impact of apartheid on the lives of South Africans
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Introduction:
South Africa is undergoing a transformation process after many years of one of the most brutal socio-political systems, the Apartheid; affecting every sector of the society including medical education and the delivery of healthcare services, (de Villiers, 1999). Apartheid was characterized by dividing the country according to the color of the skin, giving favoritism to the white man. Health care in South Africa was a dream until 1994 to the majority of the population which is black. With a more humanitarian social system in place, the country is trying to overcome the difficulties of present time, which is even harder after half a century of destruction, diseases and fraudulent administration. On the other hand, Aids and violence are the leading indicators regarding mortality rates of the South African population. There were over twenty one thousand murders in 2002 and almost eight million people are living with HIV/AIDS as of 2006, (Dixon, 2006).
Location and Geography.
South Africa is located at the southern most point of the African continent. It is surrounded by the waters of the South Atlantic Ocean at the west, and the Indian Ocean at the east coast. It is the 25th largest country in the planet and it also has the 24th largest population as well. It has different climatic zones that ranges from extremely deserts to tropic-similar weathers.
Population.
With about the size of the United Kingdom, France and Germany combined, South Africa holds an estimated population of thirty nine million people, where thirty two million are Africans, four millions are Whites, and another three million of mixed race. The literacy level is eighty two percent; however, only fifty four percent of the population is urba...
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...imary health care approach. BMC Family Practice, 13(1), 67-70.
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Klopper, H. C., Coetzee, S. K., Pretorius, R., & Bester, P. (2012). Practice environment, job satisfaction and burnout of critical care nurses in South Africa. Journal Of Nursing Management, 20(5), 685-695.
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middle of paper ... ... qualified nurses diminishes. Based on this study, administrators should recruit nurses who understand that health care is at its best when health care professionals work collaboratively as members of a team, committed to providing the best possible patient care. References Aiken, L.H., Clarke, S.P, Sloane, D.M., Sochalski, J., & Silber, J.H. (2000). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction.
Recent literature reports that there is a nursing shortage and it is continually increasing. Data released by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2011) projects that the shortage, would increase to 260,000 by the year 2025. AACN (2011) also reported that 13% of newly registered nurses changed jobs and 37% were ready to change within a year. A study conducted reports that there is a correlation between higher nursing workloads and nurse burnout, retention rates, job dissatisfaction and adverse patient outcomes (Vahey & Aiken, 2004). Among the nurses surveyed in the study, over 40% stated that they were suffering from burnout while 1 in 5 nurses intended
The nursing profession is notorious for burnout. The place of work, scheduling, compassion fatigue and lack of support all affect the nurses’ risk of becoming burnt out. Nurses and nurse managers should be well educated on the signs of burnout in order to correct it as soon as it becomes an issue. There are many ways for nurse managers to help prevent burnout amongst their staff and there are significant benefits in reducing the burnout rate. Peery (2010, pg. 53) summarized nursing as:
One of the most serious issues in nursing, that can affect a nurses career is nursing burn- out. According to the article “Where have all the nurses gone”, current nurses that are practicing, report high rates of job dissatisfaction (which is part of burn out) and 1 of 5 nurses may quit nursing in the next 5 years (Dworkin, 2002). Burnout is associated with nurses not coming in to work, not feeling satisfied when doing their job, high turnover rates and a lack of commitment to the work (Katisfaraki, 2013). If a nurse becomes burned- out, they may not take care of their patients as well and could make mistakes with medication administration. A study performed in the United States by Dr. Jeannie Cimiottti, shows that hospitals with high burn-out rates among nurses have higher levels UTI’s, and surgical infections (World, 2012). Nursing burnout not only affects the nurse, but it also affects the patient, the nurses’ colleagues, and the nurses’ family; nursing burn out often leads to emotional exhaustion and depression, that can effect relations and communication between the nurse effected and the person they are communicating with. This paper will cover what burn-out is, who is susceptible to burn out, and treatment and prevent nursing burn out.
A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that “annually approximately 1.7 million hospitalized patients acquire infections while being treated for other medical conditions, and more than 98,000 of these patients will die as a result of their acquired infection” (Cimiotti et al., 2012, p. 486). It was suggested that nursing burnout has been linked to suboptimal patient care and patient dissatisfaction. Also, the study shows that if the percentage of nurses with high burnout could be reduced to 10% from an average of 30%, approximately five thousand infections would be prevented (Cimiotti et al., 2012). In summary, increasing nursing staffing and reduction burnout in RNs is a promising strategy to help control urinary and surgical infections in acute care facilities (Cimiotti et al.,
Cherry, B., & Jacob, S. R. (2011). Contemporary Nursing Issues, Trends, and Management (5th ed.). [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from http://www.pageburstls.elsevier.com
The nursing profession is one of the most physically, emotionally, and mentally taxing career fields. Working long shifts, placing other’s needs before your own, dealing with sickness and death on a regular basis, and working in a high stress environment are all precursors to developing occupational burnout in the nursing profession. Burnout refers to physical, emotional and mental exhaustion, which can lead to an emotionally detached nurse, who feels hopeless, apathetic, and unmotivated. Burnout extends beyond the affected nurse and begins to affect the care patients receive. Researchers have found that hospitals with high burnout rates have lower patient satisfaction scores (Aiken et al 2013). There are various measures that nurses can take
(2015) implies that the unit manager together with work environment, greatly influences the nurse’s overall job satisfaction, and has little to do with the stress of caring for patients. Furthermore, studies show that stronger relationships amongst management, staff, patients and families, allows for bonding between each component of the healthcare pyramid and makes the job more “enjoyable”, thereby reducing the emotional fatigue associated with burnout. Research also states that changes in organizational policies such as nurse to patient ratio, short staffing, etc., reduce this risk (Australian Nursing Journal,
Gilbert, L. S. (2009). Society, Health and Disease in a Time of HIV/AIDS. South Africa: Pan Macmillan.
Burnout in critical care nursing has been a longstanding, serious yet under recognized issue that has recently been magnified due to the nursing shortage. The key components of burnout include emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or detachment, and lack of personal accomplishment. These factors are closely interwoven and create a snowball effect which results in burnout. Emotional exhaustion stems from the stress placed on critical care nurses. Stress from patient acuity, heavy workload and responsibility, limited autonomy, ethical dilemmas, inadequate staffing ratios, and caring for patient’s families all contribute to emotional exhaustion (Epp, 2012, p. 26). In turn, emotional exhaustion triggers depersonalization which is a way for critical care nurses to cope. Finally, lack of personal accomplishment is achieved when the nurse cannot meet their inherent high standards and are unsupported by their colleagues and superiors (Epp, 2012, p. 28). To prevent and remedy burnout, Epp’s (2012) article suggests that nurse managers play an integral role by regulating staffing levels and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration. In addition, they can foster a supportive work environment by participating in daily reports, establishing relationships with staff nurses to identify individual signs of stress, and instituting educational workshops. Critical care nurses are also encouraged to play an active role in combatting burnout by advocating for themselves and for their colleagues to institute personal measures such as rest, delegation, and stress management (Epp, 2012, p.
Poghosyan, Clarke, Finlayson, and Aiken (2010) in a cross-national comparative research explored the relationship between nurses’ burnout and the quality of care in 53,846 nurses from six countries. Their researched confirmed that nurses around the world experience burnout due to increase workload. Burnout was manifested as fatigue, irritability, insomnia, headaches, back pain, weight gain, high blood pressure, and depression. Burnout influenced nurses’ job performance, lowered patient satisfaction, and it was significantly associated with poor quality of care. Patient safety decreased as nurses’ job demands
Bureau of African Affairs. (2011). Background Note: South Africa. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.html
The Centers for disease control (CDC) has declared AIDS a global pandemic. No one person or group is safe from contracting this virus; knowledge, and safety is the only way you can protect yourself. However, the first black South African diagnosed with AIDS was in 1987, and currently South Africa is home to over 5.7 million people living with HIV/AIDS, making it the largest population on earth with people infected. (3)
Due to the apartheid, today black South Africans are angered towards white people. Crime and violence is now extremely popular in ...
The South African educational system has been through many changes dealing with cultural, political, and social issues. There has always been a concern about equal academic opportunities for all the races within South Africa. Where most of the black South African students are given the disadvantage and the White students have the advantages. It wasn’t until 1994 when things took a slight turn for black students in South Africa. That year marked the end of the apartheid. Theoretically non-white students were now offered the same education as Whites. Although in South Africa there are still some areas that the government should offer more beneficial teaching and learning for all of the non-white students. These challenges the South African education systems have been through and are now in the process will further influence an equal opportunity for black South African students. The question this research paper asks is, about how does education vary for black and white students in South Africa, after apartheid ended? There are still economic, political, and racial difficulties for non-white individuals.