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Racial discrimination in America today
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The opinions of Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in U.S. history, holds loyal to the law. Known as being a moderate with liberal tendencies, she is also a strong advocate for the first amendment. Nominated by President Barack Obama, Sotomayor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68 to 31. Sonia was born to Juan and Celina Sotomayor on June 25, 1954 in the South Bronx area of New York City. The Puerto Rican family lived off a “very modest income,” with Sonia’s mother being a nurse and her father a “tool-and-die worker” (Biography.com Editors). According to the NY Daily News, Sonia Sotomayor’s dream about what she wanted to be when she grew up was fueled by Nancy Drew stories. As a girl who was …show more content…
Sotomayor sided with the individual [the First Amendment] only five times, or a mere 26.3 percent” (Batkins). While the numbers seem shocking when specifically discussing the First Amendment, this does not necessarily indicate that Sotomayor is against free speech. More commonly, the judge is referred to as a “strong defender of First Amendment free speech rights,” as called by the Alliance for Justice in the Scripps Howard Foundation Wire. The article goes on to mention that “the Congressional Research Service said it could not ‘discern a particular ideology’ from her decisions” (Elliot). Sotomayor’s strong attention to detail is also mentioned here, connecting it as the “only visible pattern in the First Amendment cases” (Elliot). Sotomayor’s attention to detail and strong beliefs of upholding precedent is the foundation of her opinions. The statements made by Batkins, assist in showing Sotomayor’s evolution through her career. Sotomayor’s opinion regarding the First Amendment has strengthened over her service in the …show more content…
Giuliani (2002) and Brenes v. City of New York (2009), two public-employee cases. Sotomayor filed a lone dissent in Pappas v. Giuliani, a case where the New York Police Department fired Thomas Pappas, one of its IT employees who had no contact with the public, for “engaging in racially bigoted behavior outside of work. On at least two occasions Pappas responded to charitable donation solicitation from the Mineola Auxiliary Police Department by stuffing reply envelopes with offensive racially bigoted materials and returning them anonymously” (Supreme Court Review Reporter). While Sotomayor agreed with the decision, her opinion on why was different than the majority opinion. In this dissenting opinion, Sotomayor makes it clear that although the particular speech used was “offensive, hateful, and insulting,” … “The Court should not, however, gloss over three decades of jurisprudence and the centrality of First Amendment freedoms in our lives because it is confronted with speech it does not like and because a government employer fears a potential public response that it alone precipitated” (Pappas v. Giuliani). This in turn shows evidential support of Sotomayor’s judicial ideology towards free speech. Pappas was offensive and insulting, and his employers had the right to fire him due to their policies. In regards to free speech, speech that is rejected due to fear of potential bad
A controversial modern U.S. Supreme Court decision is the McCullen v. Coakley case. An initial ruling for this case in Massachusetts, “…has made it a crime for speakers to ‘enter or remain on a public way or sidewalk’ within 35 feet of an entrance, exit, or driveway of ‘a reproductive health care facility.’ The law applies only at abortion clinics…In effect, the law restricts the speech of only those who wish to use public areas near abortion clinics to speak about abortion from a different point of view” (American Bar Association). This decision in the case has called for it to be heard again by the U.S. Supreme court as it is now a question of (1) if it is a violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendment, and (2) if a past decision in Hill v. Colorado permits this law and whether or not it should be overruled (American Bar Association).
Sonia Sanchez is an African-American writer regularly connected with the Black Arts Movement. She has composed over twelve books of poems, and in addition short stories, essays, plays, and kids' books. She was a beneficiary of 1993 Pew Fellowships in the Arts. In 2001, Sanchez was the recipient of the Robert Frost Medal for her poem and has been compelling to other African-American female artists, including Krista Franklin. Sanchez was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on September 9, 1934. Her mom died when Sanchez was just two years old, so she stayed with different family members for a while. One of those was her grandma, who passed when Sanchez was six. In 1943, she moved to Harlem to live with her dad, her sister, and her stepmother, who was
First, the challenge of diabetes. Sotomayor told Robert Barnes, of the Washington Post, “It drove me in a way that perhaps nothing else might have to accomplish as much as I could as early as possible.” What can be pulled from this quote is that she saw this disease not as something that would hold her back from her dreams but something that would drive her harder to her dreams. Sonia also told Barnes that she strived hard to reach her goals before age fifty because she was afraid she would die early. The drive of fear and determination really helped push Sonia to the finish line. Next, her cultural and social background. Sonia overcame this by working very hard: “Sotomayor bought grammar books and vocabulary texts and practiced each lunch hour at her summer job”(Barnes) He goes on to tell us that not only did Sotomayor get better at english and close the education gap but was awarded Princeton’s top academic prize. The video by Bio.com tells us that at school she was a quiet girl and was one of the smartest people in a school filled with smart people. Sonia worked really hard to conquer this adversity so she could go into law. Overall, Sonia Sotomayor has faced a lot of adversity in her lifetime but she has overcome it with great
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., delivered a judgment that established guidelines for evaluating the limits of free speech. In Schenck’s case, Court had to decide whether the First Amendment protected his words, even though it might have had the power to cause opposition to the draft. The First Amendment states that "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech." The Court concluded that because Schenck's speech was intended to create opposition to the draft, he was not protected by the First Amendment.
Ruíz, Vicki, and Sánchez Korrol Virginia E. "Huerta, Dolores." Latinas in the United States: A
This is a case of great importance because it addresses the issue of the broadness of the First Amendment as well as student’s freedom of speech rights being limited based on vicinity and because they are students. From this case it can be concluded that the courts were indecisive in their decision making process and that they will continue to interpret the First Amendment to their suiting and not as it is written. Finally, schools do need to have the right to enforce policies that are beneficial to the students.
Justice Jackson's disagreement on the ruling of the Terminiello case is supported by many historical examples which demonstrate that freedom of speech is not an absolute right under the law. Although Terminiello had a right to exercise his right under the First Amendment, had the majority carefully considered this principle it should have rejected his claim. In this case, the majority's treatment of Terminiello's case skirted the real issue and did not benefit from true constitutional interpretation.
The American Dream has never been available to minority citizens as easily as it is to American-born citizens. Affirmative action was first implemented around the year 1972, however it was not widely accepted or practiced. During this time society was just getting used to including women in higher education institutions so the concept of including minorities in higher education was almost non-existent. My Beloved World, by Sonia Sotomayor shows the challenges that a first generation, Puerto Rican, lower socioeconomic female had during this time. Through her autobiography she shows the struggles she faced throughout her life, focusing on her application to college, college experience and insight into her cultural background. My Beloved World present the ideology of White Supremacy and other phenomenon’s such as structural inequality, and socioeconomic inequality that interfere with Sonia’s inability to receive preparation for college and these things show the that America has not made good on its promise of equal opportunity for all.
The United States is known as the “land of the free” attracting many immigrants to achieve the “American Dream” with the promise of equal opportunity for all. However, many groups, whose identities differed from the dominant American ideology, discovered this “American dream” to be a fantasy. In the 1960s, movements for civil rights in the United States of America included efforts to end private and public acts of racial discrimination against groups of disadvantaged people. Despite the efforts made to empower the disadvantaged groups, racialization and class differences prevailed leading to social inequality. The novel My Beloved World is an autobiography written by Sonia Sotomayor illustrating her early life, education, and career path, explaining the unresolved contradictions of American history and how they continue on in society. Prejudice against certain socioeconomic classes and races prevented equal opportunity. Sotomayor’s text explicates the racialization and class differences that many Puerto Ricans experience while pursuing a higher education, revealing the contradictions between the American promise of equal opportunity and discrimination against Puerto Ricans.
Women’s equality has made huge advancements in the United States in the past decade. One of the most influential persons to the movement has been a woman named Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Ruth faced gender discrimination many times throughout her career and worked hard to ensure that discrimination based on a person’s gender would be eliminated for future generations. Ginsburg not only worked to fight for women’s equality but fought for the rights of men, as well, in order to show that equality was a human right’s issue and not just a problem that women faced. Though she faced hardships and discrimination, Ruth never stopped working and thanks to her equality is a much closer reality than it was fifty years ago. When Ruth first started her journey in law, women were practically unheard of as lawyers; now three women sit on the bench of the highest court in the nation.
...been racialized to maintain white supremacy and how they ignored until something out of the ordinary happens. The Bracero program may have played a part into the nurses accusatory tone because the Mexicans were only seen as manual labor to Americans in the 1940’s, so embedded into societies mind are still that Latino groups are only valuable to work low class labor jobs, not having a chance to climb up the hierarchy ladder by going to Ivy League schools. Her identity as an immigrant ultimately transcends all other identities at play, and makes her out to be unqualified for certain things in society. Sotomayor tries to prove her value by pursuing higher education at Princeton, but is labeled strictly as an “affirmative action” student who was able to gain access to the institution easier by being a racial group that has been historically excluded or discriminated.
It is thus distressing to read in David Bernstein’s excellent book how anti-discrimination laws are being used to undermine civil liberties, such as the freedom of speech, in the very home of liberty itself. The US courts have in the past upheld freedom of speech, even where it might seem to encourage crime or subversion, but they have allowed anti-discrimination laws to over-rule freedom of speech. Once again the drive for equality is revealed as the greatest enemy of individual freedom.
I decided to write my paper on the honorable Ruth Ginsburg. Ruth Baber Ginsburg is a U.S Supreme Court Justice. She is an excellent role model to young adults trying to excel in their careers. Ginsburg is seen as a fair person. She is the second woman to be appointed to the position. Ruth was also the first Jewish female justice. Ruth was nominated by Bill Clinton and preceded by Byron White.
She has the right which they decided was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. This affected forty-six of the fifty states and they all were required to change their laws to match the court’s ruling in Roe v. Wade. Justice Blackmun wrote the majority opinion of the court (Roe v. Wade, LII). However Justice Rehnquist wrote the dissenting opinion in this case. It states that Justice Rehnquist finds himself “nonetheless in fundamental disagreement with those parts of it that invalidate the Texas statute in question, and therefore dissent,” (Roe v. Wade, LII). He also states that her respectfully dissents and disagrees with the court.
Disparate treatment is a form of discrimination that is forbidden by laws in which all employers must comply, including fire and emergency services. Disparate treatment in the workplace is applicable to many functions of the workplace including, discipline, promotions, hiring, firing, benefits, layoffs, and testing (Varone, 2012). The claim of disparate treatment arises when a person or group, “is treated differently because of a prohibited classification” (Varone, 2012, p. 439). In the 2010 case, Lewis v. City of Chicago, six plaintiffs accused the city of disparate treatment following testing for open positions within the Chicago Fire Department (Lewis v. City of Chicago, 2010). The case is based on the argument that the Chicago Fire Department firefighter candidate testing, which was conducted in 1995, followed an unfair process of grouping eligible candidates, therefore discriminating against candidates of African-American decent. The case was heard by the Seventh District Court of Appeals and ultimately appeared before the United States Supreme Court, where Justice Scalia delivered the final verdict in favor of the plaintiffs.