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Factors affecting reflection
Desalination Water Review
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ABSTRACT
Water and energy are the two most essential things for the sustainable development of the world.
There is an acute shortage of both energy and water, especially in the 3rd world countries. Desalination plays an important role to solve fresh water scarcity in different regions of the world.
In India Solar distillation is very useful in rural area where fresh water is not easily available. Modified Solar Distillation Page 1
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1. Basic of solar and energy
The term ‘energy’ can be described as ‘capacity to do work’.
The origin of fire, heat and light is energy. It’s required to grow food grains which enable humans and animals to survive and work.
The sun is the primary source of energy. The sun, which
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Total energy received from the sun per unit time on a surface of unit area kept perpendicular to the radiation in space just outside the earth’s atmosphere is called
‘Solar constant’.
Modified Solar Distillation Page 2
1.2. Distillation
Solar distillation uses the heat of the sun directly in a simple piece of equipment to purify water.
The equipment, commonly called a solar still, consists primarily of a shallow basin with a transparent glass cover.
The sun heats the water in the basin, causing evaporation. Moisture rises, condenses on the cover and runs down into a collection trough, leaving behind the salts, minerals, and most other impurities, including germs.
The classification of solar distillation process is given in Fig. 1.1.
Modified Solar Distillation Page 3
1.3. Type of solar
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ten
Kortenaar, R.F. Mudde
This relates achieved enhanced production of water by increasing condensation area.
This consists of cooling, solar still, cheap, drinking water.
It includes enhanced cooling on condensation surface water production by 8 times.
[2] SOLAR WATER DISTILLATION USING TWO DIFFERENT PHASE CHANGE
MATERIALS, S Naga Sarada, Banoth Hima Bindu, Sri Rama Devi, Ravi gugulothu
This system focuses on design and fabrication of efficient solar distillation system.
It consists of solar energy, saline water, and phase change material.
It also includes material like sodium acetate and sodium sulfate.
[3] INFLUENCE OF CONDENSATION SURFACE ON SOLAR DISTILLATION,
R.Bhardwaj, M.V .ten Kortenaar, R.F. Mudde
This relates reflection is demonstrated as the critical phenomenon effecting water production while thermal resistance offered by condensation layer does not affect water production.
Surface tension is demonstrated as the critical property for choosing a material.
Wiping of condensation surface does not increase the water production.
[4] THE COUPLING STUDY FOR SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM AND
Introduction on Water It covers 70% of our planet, makes up 75% of our body, it is necessary for survival and it is declining at a rapid rate (http://www.sscwd.org). It is water. Unfortunately, clean water is rare, almost 1 billion people in developing countries do not have access to water everyday. “Yet, we take it for granted, we waste it, and we even pay too much to drink it from little plastic bottles” (The Water Project). Use of earth’s natural resources should be seen as prosperity, although it is taken for granted, every aspect of daily life revolves around the environment, forcing water conservation to be necessary for future on this planet.
4. United Nations Development Programme, U.N. Human Development Report 2006, Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty, and the Global Water Crisis, web. 6 Dec. 2009 http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr2006_english_summary.pdf
well. People are starting to question solar energy like is it polluting the earth? Is it really better
For every water bottle made, non-renewable resources are wasted to produce an unnecessary luxury. For the bottled water that Americans enjoy, seventeen million barrels of oil are used (excluding transportation), which could fuel more than 1.3 million cars for a year. Most water is imported and exported from places that are thousands of miles away, such as Fiji. Although oil is controversial in nature, for every one liter of water produced, three liters are used. The excess water wasted can supply clean water to the world’s poorest countries.
Siegel, RP. "Solar Thermal: Pros and Cons - Part 1: Solar Heating and Cooling." Triple Pundit RSS. N.p., 21 May 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. .
... and monthly water filling. Solar energy is the cleanest and purest form of energy, allowing for cleaner air overall in our environment. There is great hope for a lot more solar panels to be installed worldwide. Solar is a viable alternative energy with solar panels becoming more affordable and more efficiently designed.
The process of distillation has been used by humans for years to create alcoholic beverages. Distillation is the process of boiling a pair of liquids with different boiling points and then condensing the vapors above the boiling liquid in an attempt to separate them. One might suspect that the mixed two liquids of different boiling points could be separated simply by raising the temperature to the lower boiling point of the two liquids. However, this is not the case. The two liquids “boil” together at some temperature between their two boiling points.
Clean and safe drinking water resources are becoming scarce as the population grows. The world is facing many problems, but the most important thing needed to survive, is water. Water is getting low in many countries, therefore residents are suffering the misfortune of not having the reliable source of clean water. Today many countries are having water shortages meaning rivers, lakes, streams and groundwater are not enough to rely on for supplying water demands. For example, California is facing a drastic water shortage, the natural water resources are not enough to fulfill their water demands.
Developed countries struggle with managing water consumption. Our high demand in agriculture, industry, and domestic use further complicates this issue. With increasing urbanization and extravagant changes in lifestyle, our use and wasting of water will only increase. As of this year, nearly 1.1 billion people live without clean drinking water and 2.6 billion live without adequate water sanitation. The McDonald's down the street, however, will sell you a 1/3 pounder burger for only 150 gallons. Changes in lifestyle can easily reduce this number and help not only save water, but money as well. Currently, with our diminishing water supply, one of the main goals of humanitarian organizations is ensuring that everyone has t...
Freshwater is quite scarce, but it is even scarcer than one might think: about seventy percent of all freshwater is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland and is unavailable to humans. Most of the remainder is present as soil moisture or lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater. It is not economically feasible to extract this waster for use as drinking water. This leaves less than one percent of the world’s fresh water that is available to humans. It includes the water found in lakes, reservoirs, groundwater that is shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable cost. These freshwater sources are the only sources that are frequently replenished by rain and snowfall, and therefore are renewable. At the current rates of consumption, however, this supply of fresh water will not last. Pollution and contamination of freshwater sources exacerbate the problem, further reducing the amount of freshwater available for human consumption. Something must be done if humans want to even survive in the near future: the lack of clean drinking water is already the number one cause of disease in the world today. The first step is worldwide awareness of the water crisis: governments and the citizens they govern worldwide need to know about this problem and be actively involved in solving this problem.
Water is the most priceless resource on our planet. Billions of gallons flow through our rivers and lakes. Millions of gallons are consumed by humans each day. Our world’s surface is seventy percent water. With so much water around us, how can 1.1 billion people still lack access to clean water (Cooper, Water Shortages)? People are already using fifty four percent of all the freshwater available on this planet (Cooper, Water Shortages). We cannot afford to neglect something so essential to our very survival. We must defend our most important natural resource—water.
Water scarcity is harmful to human life because when water is poorly managed throughout the world, those who need water are deprived of nutrients they truly need, causing them to die. This eventually affects the global population. Therefore, many experts have proposed several solutions such as the LifeSaver Bottle, TrojanUVPhox treatment system, and Waste Water Recycling. The problem of water scarcity has increasingly spread throughout the world as of yet, The UN reports that within the next half- century up to 7 billion people in 60 countries which is more than the whole present population will face water scarcity (Sawin “Water Scarcity could Overwhelm the Next Generation”). As well, the demand for freshwater has tripled over the past 50 years, and is continuing to rise as a result of population growth and economic development.
‘Development that meets the needs of the present with the ability for the future generation to meet their own needs.’ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) Sustainable development requires three key components: economy, society and environment, sustainable development can be success through striking balance in those factors. These three components are indispensible, they compel to depend on each other. On the other words, we can only gain a decent and energetic environment and society if the economy is strong with a healthy a stable growth rate.
As discussed above, it is apparent that people need to know that non-renewable resources are not readily available, and they usually take extended periods before to replenish. Due to this effect, it is crucial to consider using the natural ones as they are always available in the environment. Unlike non-renewable resources, renewable ones cannot be exhausted even if there is a high increase in demand because they are natural sources of energy. Aside from that, making the topic as top priority will create awareness of the effects associated with the use of non-renewable resources thereby turning people to adopt other alternatives that do not cause harm to the environment as well as their wellbeing. Furthermore, this will reduce the rate at which individuals neglect the use of renewable sources of
Water is an integral part of not only human beings but all other creatures in the world. We use it every day for different purposes such as domestic, agricultural and industrial. Water has always been a prestigious resource. However, the majority of people do not appraise water’s worth since they do not face water scarcity; whereas, in third world countries it is one of the most serious problems. Nearly 2.4 billion people have a lack of water resources in the world, shows the investigation done by the Pacific Institute, an Oakland, California-based non-profit scientific research group. Moreover, every year this number is growing gradually and more people are suffering (Bloomberg News, 2010). There are certain causes which deteriorate current situation. The most influential reasons are global warming, pollution by human-beings and overpopulation. It is known that India is one of the countries which face water scarcity so this essay will consider the possible ways of solutions of water shortage in India.