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Strengths and limitations between positivist and interpretivist
3 major sociology theories
Positivism vs antipositivism sociology
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Sociological Theory: Positivistic, Interpretative, and Critical
Comment on the three types of sociological theories, explain and argue, based on your library or Internet research, which type of theory is the most appropriate theory for sociology to adopt.
The three general types of sociological theory are positivistic, interpretive and critical theory.In determining which theory is the most appropriate for sociology to adopt,a basic understanding of each theory's strengths and weaknesses is necessary.In defining each of these theories, it is important to determine the ontological basis orthe theory's basis for determining what is knowable; the epistemological basis or the theory's relationship between the knower and the knowable; and, finally, the methodological basis or the theory's method for gathering data and obtaining knowledge.
A.POSITIVISTIC
1.Ontology.
The positivistic theory is based on an ontology ofbeing a realist.The realistic slant of positivism is also known as determinism.The positivist knows that a reality is "out there" to be defined and categorized.The hard sciences from the time of Newton and Decartes have traditionally relied on the positivistic approach.The positivist hopes to be able to approximate "reality" in a detailed generalization or theory on how reality operates.The theories of a positivist generallytake the form of cause and effect laws describing the outside reality.Robert Merton defined these theorems as "clear verifiable statements of the relationships between specified variables."
2.Epistemology.
Positivism relies onan objective epistemology.The observer remains distant and does not interact with the observation or experiment.Values and any other factors that might lead to bias are to be carefully removed so that the cold, monological gaze of science can be used to analyze the data.The positivist is an objectivist. 3.Methodology.
The methodology of positivism is experimental and manipulative. The approach is the same as propounded in most junior high science classes:begin with a hypothesis on how "reality" works, then gather data and test the data against the hypothesis.The question propounded initially is tested against empirical data gathered in the experiment under carefully controlled conditions.
B.INTERPRETIVE
1.Ontology.
The interpretivist ontology is relativism.The...
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...late objectivity.
This is not the same as objectivism.Each has its own "norms for proceeding with a particular form of inquiry in a rational manner."However, because of the orientation of each theory, the end results will vary.
Based upon these difference, critical theory does not seem to be a theory that should be adopted by sociologists.It belongs more in the realm of politics and legislation.Critical theory in that context could take advantage of scientific inquiry by both positivistic and interpretive sociologists to make determinations about social change.If indeed critical theorist are to be involved in sociological study, full disclosure of prejudices and objectives would be needed for any inquiry to be beneficial and trustworthy.
Postpositivism remains the best approach for observing the exteriors of society.Coupled with the interpretivist's view of the interior culture, the two theories working hand in hand would be most beneficial for the sociologist in examining society.Utilizing a dual approach would be the most comprehensive and give the scientific inquiry both depth and span in evaluating our societies and creating a useable body of sociological research.
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
of factors contributed rather than an overriding cause. As a result, it is fair to
...reak down of selection, slanting by the use of emphasis, slanting by the selection of facts, and charged words can be used as guide to spot bias. By using Birk and Birk as a guide it easy to identify and categorize the bias within Jamieson’s essay. Birk and Birk write “If we carefully examine the ways of thoughts and language, we see that any knowledge that comes to us through words has been subjected to the double screening of the principle of selection and the slanting of language…”(227). It is this very principle that reminds us to carefully observe the information that we receive and make an effort to ensure we balance the information that we divulge.
Sociology is the study of society and the interactions that occur within society itself. There are numerous methods of analyzing societies and the way the function, nonetheless, most methods fall in micro and macro level theories. Micro level theories allow sociologist to study smaller relationships such as individual or compact groups of people. On the other hand, macro level studies permit for larger scale investigations to take place. With both of these theories there are three theoretical perspectives used in sociology. Micro level theories include symbolic interactionism which focuses in interactions done with language and gestures and the means which allow such interactions to take place. Macro level theories include structural functionalism
According to Trade Schools, Colleges and Universities “Many of America's top-performing high school students never apply to the most challenging colleges and universities even though they have the ability to succeed at them. They often come from minority and low-income households and end up pursuing more affordable, less-selective schools instead.” College can be a burden to many students in a variety of different ways, but the most common reason is due to funds. Making college free for students will help this problem by increasing jobs in the work industry that require degrees, they should be affordable to all people at all cost, as well as the funds should be completely cut off because it would increase jobs and help America's economy grow.
First, free college can encourage students to go to college to get a degree which leads to a high paying career. It can fulfill those students that are having a hard time financially, and fewer students will be in debt. Second, with free college, colleges will be more likely to help students that need the guidance to stay on track and get a diploma. Clayton and Bailey mention, "If we want to significantly improve educational outcomes, we need to make college more affordable so more students can enroll, and make the reforms needed to en-sure community college students can succeed in their courses, complete their program, and grad-uate within reasonable amount of time" (Clayton and Bailey). Finally, free college can help the U.S. catch up to the rest of the countries with higher education. For example, it can help the United States surpass Russia, where more than half of adults have a diploma. Frohlich explains, “More Than 53% of Russian adults between the ages of 25 and 64 had some form of higher edu-cation in 2012, more than in any other country reviewed by OECD” (Frohlich). Although free college is an attractive idea, it will leave the United States in a bigger debt which will be hard to recover from and more students will be unmotivated to
Durkheim is called one of the two principal founders of the modern phase of sociological Theory. He is stablished that brought him work for the analysis of social systems. The framework Remain the central to Sociology, a few related anthropologies. Durkheim was born in the town of Epinal. He was of Jewish percentage, some of his friends were rabbis. He was expected to be a rabbi but he became an agnostic. In 1886, there have took a year leave to study in Germany, where he was impressed by the psychologist Wundt. The ham was concerned with how societies could maintain the integrity and coherence in modern society.
The critical challenge within in today’s society is that college tuition should be free or if not free, more affordable for all students. Certainly, higher education should not be considered a luxury where only the wealthy could afford, but an opportunity for all caste systems. It must be an accessible and affordable opportunity for all students in order for them to invest in their education. Higher education is important because it provides more careers to choose from than the careers offered without having a college degree. Ultimately, the issue here is whether it is right to make college tuition more affordable for the students.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY Take Home Exam One Questions 5 and 6 By Shylynn E. Calbert MW 5:45-7pm DR. FORD 5. Discuss abortion using applications of Durkheim?s conception of social facts. How would Durkheim research the issue and explain it in sociological terms?
The article is written by Matt Bruenig who is a writer primarily focused on economic and political issues that especially affect poverty and inequality system. This essay discusses the idea of free college in the U.S. Topics include the different definitions of “ free college” and various benefits for different class-based students which lead to the inequality of free college plan. The meaning of “free college” varies from one to another. Some believe that it is sponsoring tuition to zero, while others believe that it means not only sponsoring tuition to zero but also living grants. Since there are many different views toward the definition of free college, government may need to declare it clearly. The author also mentions about the lack of equality of free college plan is another problem. Many researches show that the free colleges plan benefits middle-class and higher-class students more than poor students. This is a current and
Free higher education has several economic benefits for students and for the government. According to Thomas Mortenson from the American Council on Education, tuition has risen 230% at state universities and 164% at community colleges since 1980. Student loan debt has reached 1 trillion dollars. As stated by Scott Hines, the founder of the World Education University, “the return on investment just isn’t there.” Many students choose to drop out or skip college altogether because of the high costs. These issues will be resolved if the government funds colleges and more people will be able to graduate. Currently, the government spends billions of dollars on academic programs with very low graduation rates, around 30% (Samuels). This is because colleges spent too much money on luxuries and amenities, and as a result, they raise tuitions while the quality of instruction remains the same. If higher education were government funded and caps placed on tuitio...
Nevertheless, a thought that may arise and trouble people is that if college became free, whether community college or universities, then every high school graduate would want to attend college, colleges would become crowded, the quality of college education would lower, and, ultimately, college degrees would lose value which would make them the new high school diploma or an attribute that will be required in order to obtain a common
If a student were to be able to attend college tuition free, it would allow students who were not able to attend college to enroll, help the lower class receive better jobs with new degrees, and push the economy into a better direction with more jobs and workers all within the United States. College tuition for all high school graduates is an important part of the ongoing economy. If tuition were to be covered many more jobs would become available, help boost the economy and allow students the opportunity to receive post high school education.
Students are they key to the future and college is the next step for them to take after they graduate high school to nourish them into successful young adults to help benefit others. Free access to higher education beyond high school should be totally free for the ones who have no choice but to go in debt. College education should be free just like it is free through k-12th grade. Free college will not only benefit us but also others and our country. The more people who go to college and graduate the smarter our country will be as a whole. Nowadays a college degree is required to have a well paid and guaranteed job. The company’s that are hiring for new job positions can now be taken because more Americans have the degree and are qualified for the job now. Many factors and good things come if college were free. Another one is more high school students would be motivated to get higher grades than they do now so they can get accepted into their dream college. We would see a huge increase of academic success for students in high school and then for more students attending for higher education from their excellence performance in high school and graduating with a four-year degree and benefiting the economy with their careers. What if a person is really smart