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Essays on crime trends
Social structure theories
The importance of social structure
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After reading through the class materials, social structure theories focus on the why question for the different classes that most likely causes a criminal act. “[S]ocial structure theories focused on why lower-class individuals are more likely to commit crime than middle-and upper-class” (Taylor, 2015). However, social structure theories started to shift not only lower-class people but start to explain criminal behavior with all social classes, which according to the book it states it as the “general strain theory” (Taylor, 2015). The major strain theory from the book focuses on Robert Merton’s strain theory, which he believes that the reason people commit a crime can be due to the inability to access education and getting a good job which …show more content…
Without getting too much detail of individual modes of adaptation, cyber-stalking and harassment could be part of the mixture between conformity, and innovation. Even though the class book believes that conformity is highly unlikely to commit criminal acts but what if the means to be obtained in the society had rapidly changed which cyber stalking, cyber harassment, cyber bullying are all not of a big deal in the society? Digital crime happens every single second, and there is no way that people will seek legal justice for every cyber crime. According to the article Cyberbullying/Bullying Statistics, there are 52% of teens who do not tell their parents when cyber bullying occurs (2017). Cyber Bullying also include with cyber stalking and cyber harassment. To get into the detail of what consider as stalking and harassment, according to the article Cyber Stalking and Cyber Harassment, “The physical act in stalking can include the giving, sending, transmitting or publishing of offensive material via phone and web technology, or any other acts that could reasonably be expected to arouse the other person’s apprehension or fear”
Majority of the citizens in the United States have always strived to obtain, what is known as the American dream. That dream usually involves having a well-paid career, a family, and having a big house in a neighborhood free from crime. According, Robert Merton in his theory of Strain theory believes that these goals are instilled at an early age, which these goals are held to all of its members in society; however the means of obtaining these goals are not equally distributed out. The means being defined as education, the concepts of hard work are ways to achieve these goals. Merton’s strain theory is an explanation of criminal behavior, according to the textbook, Adler, Mueller and Laufer (2010) defined Strain theory as “that people are law-abiding citizen, but when under great pressure will resort to crime. Disparity between goals and means provide this pressure.”(p.106) Merton goes that in a class-orientated society, opportunities to get to the top are not equally distributed. There are two important elements that in any society. The (1) cultural aspirations, or goals that people believe are worth striving for, and (2) institutionalized means to accepted ways to attain the desire ends. Inequality between goals and means fosters frustrations, which leads to strain. (Alder, Mueller, and Laufer 2010).
The definition of bullying uses broad statements to define the actual meaning. Because of this, people may view the definition differently than others. Bullying can range from physical violence to verbal abuse to even cyberbullying. Most people do not realize how common cyberbullying actually is. Over half of teens and adolescents have been bullied online and almost the same number have engaged in the bullying (“Cyber Bullying Statistics”). Cyberbullying is becoming more and more prominent throughout this time period because of the technology continuing to expand around the world. Each year this statistic increasingly grows due to the technology
Strain theory has been founded to be one of the most influential and accepted criminological theories of the 20th century. Merton’s strain theory has been utilized to explain the classes of crime. Classes of crime include gender, age, race, and population differences. In credit of Merton strain theory, researchers were able to discover the relationship between classes in crime. For example, middle-class populations are likely to commit white-collar crimes. Lower-class communities are likely to commit minor crimes.
Sociologists understand the concept deviance in a variety of ways. It is the result of unsuccessful socialization, the solutions is usually intended to change the mind of the individual, and that order need to remain maintained. Norms determine whether something is deviant or normal. So deviance depends on the social status and power on the person, the social context in which the behavior occurs, and the historical place it takes place in. Deviance is all about violating the day to day norms and is usually considered to be wrong bad, or immoral. It is a process because it just doesn’t happen one day it’s usually happens overtime. For example, its two type of deviants the primary deviance and the secondary deviance. Primary deviance would be
Bullying has occurred for many years and via the internet is a new form of bullying, giving higher chances for bullying to occur more often due to technology.
In classic strain theory it is said that, Classic strain theory focuses on that type of strain involving the inability to achieve success or gain a middle class status. General Strain theory focuses on a broad range of strains, including the inability to achieve a variety of goals, the loss of valued possessions, and negative treatment by others. General Strain Theory has been applied to a range of topics, including the explanation of gender, race/ethnicity, age, community, and societal differences in crime
For many years, people have searched for explanations to crime. Some theories believe that criminals are born criminals while others believe that criminals are made. Although many criminological theories attempt to explain criminal behavior, Strain Theories approach the topic as a social and environmental issue. The Strain Theories focus on the belief that criminal behavior is a direct result of being in an environment that leads to criminal behavior. It supports certain factors in which society, culture, socioeconomic status, social structure, and individual appetites all play a role in shaping and forming an individual into a delinquent or a criminal.
The social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces in poor areas can lead individuals in these communities into criminal behavior patterns. The social structure theorists believe that social conditions influence an individual’s control behavior choices
Traditional bullying that used to occur commonly on school-grounds has now been over shadowed by harassment through the Internet and other technology related devices. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary “cyber bullying” is defined as ...
Social structure theories look at economic and social order. From this, theorist can determine aspects of society that can cause crime and deviant behavior like poverty, lack of success from the educational process and tension or
Cyber-bullying can occur at anytime, and anywhere through cell phones, text messaging, videos, emails, blogging, Facebooks, Instagram and more. With all the different communication channels and social medias, It can be used to insult, spread rumors, impersonate, and
Bullying by definition is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtle actions. [Why] Bullying has grown new outlets over the last decade. With social media outlets and text messaging added to the game, bullying is not just about getting tormented face to face anymore. Cyber bullying can include sending out mean or threatening emails and instant messages about a person, spreading rumors about someone and also include photos that a person would consider to be humiliating. [Chamberlin] Bullying can have many outlets. The most common form of bullying is still face to face confrontation. But the other outlets, such as cyber bullying are definitely not something to take lightly or consider low on a scale of importance. Sexual harassment, racial differences, not being “cool enough”, or just simply being viewed as a weaker individual may attribute to many of the reasons a person is preyed on.
Strain theories of criminal behaviour have been amongst the most important and influential in the field of criminology. Taking a societal approach, strain theories have sought to explain deficiencies in social structure that lead individuals to commit crime (Williams and McShane 2010). Strain theories operate under the premise that there is a societal consensus of values, beliefs, and goals with legitimate methods for achieving success. When individuals are denied access to legitimate methods for achieving success, the result is anomie or social strain. This often leads an individual to resort to deviant or criminal means to obtain the level of success that they are socialized to pursue. This is the basic premise of strain theory. This paper will explore the evolution of strain theories by first examining their intellectual foundations which laid the foundation for Robert Merton’s theories of anomie and strain. Merton’s strain theory will be discussed in detail including the modes of adaptation that people use when faced with societal strain. Finally, the paper will conclude with the strengths and weaknesses of Merton’s strain theory and an examination of the criminological theories and social policies it has influenced.
There are many theories that support the role of access to opportunity in causing crime and deviance. A useful example is the Strain theory which was studied by Merton. He argued that crime is the result of people’s different attachment to collective values. He tried to apply the concept of ‘anomie’ to US society in 1930’s. The American Dream states that anyone can achieve success if they try hard.
Cyber bullying can be more terrifying than standard bullying, because the target typically does not know who is after them. Cyber bullies believe that because they are posting anonymously or not using their names, they can get away with anything. The case is that Internet activity is traceable. It is important to know that cyber bullying can be charged as crimes. In some cases, cyber bullies will be charged as sexual predators and have to be on the registry. Furthermore, items posted on the Internet can affect the person’s ability to get into university or employment.