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Major aspects of criminal justice system
Criminal justice system in the United States
Criminal justice system in the United States
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2.1. Underlying theories of situational crime prevention
The underlying principles of the use of CCTV cameras are found in the situational crime prevention strategy. The situational crime prevention strategy consists of the: rational choice theory, deterrence theory and the routine activity theory
To start with, the rational choice theory suggests that an offender’s decisions are based on the perceived efforts and the rewards in comparison to the consequences of committing a crime (Cornish, Clarke, 1998, 2003). That is, people choose to commit an act after considering the gain and the cost of the intended action. If the cost outweighs the benefits, the individual will not commit an offence. The use of CCTV camera will actually make someone more liable to be prosecuted, therefore reducing the benefits of committing a crime. For instance, in the case study of Hawkeye (Home Office Online Report 12/05) an analysis was made to see whether CCTV camera would reduce the incidence crime. CCTV cameras were installed
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Informal surveillance refers to the measures taken to defend and protect the immediate area by the members of the public (Clive R. Holin, 2013 p.394). Another surveillance method is natural surveillance. This method involves the designing of new windows, landscaping and lighting to reduce crime. The elimination of darkness decreases the anonymity level, which may deter someone from committing an offence (Zhong, Bohns, & Gino, 2010).
2.2.3 Formal surveillance
The concept of formal surveillance mainly includes the methods used by the police to detect and deter crimes (Michel H. Tonry, 2000 in the handbook of crime & Punishment p.382). However, it can be extended to the use of CCTV camera, police patrols and alarms system (Welsh and Farrington, 2003). For the purpose of this study, focus will be on the use of CCTV cameras.
2.2.4 CCTV and crime
Obama has already funded 50,000 cameras to be used for law enforcement. Skeptics argue that cameras would be useless and used to monitor the general population. The article is narrated by three individuals with different stands on cameras, two for the use of cameras and one against. They debate back and forth about effectiveness, trial outcomes, general public involvement and learning process related to cameras. This will help me see an argument against cameras, but also providing good information for the use of cameras.
The researcher hypothesizes that the use of body-cameras on police officers would reduce the instances of gainful communication between civilians and law enforcement. The null-hypothesis is that the use of body-cameras on police officers will have no effect on gainful communication between civilian and law enforcement. In determining the implications of how body-cameras effects civilian behavior, the research will include a sampling survey of criminal justice students and information gathered from journal documents related to research on police body-cameras.
...n numbers; 5) improving natural surveillance through provision of public street lights, trimming of hedges, and putting up fences that do not obstruct visibility (Akers, 2009, p. 42).
This prevention strategy is primarily aimed at reducing the opportunities for crime which arises from everyday life rather than simply responding to crime; relying on the police after the offence for e.g. using closed circuit television surveillance (CCTV) in surroundings that crime might occur with regards to preventing potential offending from causing an offence. For e.g. by placing a limit of access of such a person to shopping malls “only 3 school children are allowed per shopping”. This approach also aims to ‘remove the excuse’ that is eliminating anything that is eye-catching to criminals about accomplishing that specific crime. An illustration of this is the technique they use at the shoe outlet. At the Footlocker shop, there is only one shoe on the display counter, this makes stealing the shoe unpleasing and unproductive for thieve because it would not be logical to steal only one shoe regardless if...
Security cameras have become very widespread. These cameras are harmful to one’s safety and privacy. Security and surveillance cameras are both invasions of privacy
There are different principles that makeup the crime control model. For example, guilt implied, legal controls minimal, system designed to aid police, and Crime fighting is key. However one fundamental principle that has been noted is that ‘the repression of criminal conduct is by far the most important function to be performed by the criminal processes’. (Packer, 1998, p. 4). This is very important, because it gives individuals a sense of safety. Without this claim the public trust within the criminal justice process would be very little. The general belief of the public is that those that are seen as a threat to society, as well as those that fails to conform to society norms and values should be separated from the rest of society, from individuals who choose to participate fully in society. Consequently, the crime control model pro...
Surveillance is the monitoring of behaviour. In addition, surveillance system is the process of monitoring the behaviour of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security control (Cohen and Medioni, 1999). Video surveillance systems have existed 25 years ago whereby it started with 100% analogue system and gradually becoming digital system. The closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is the most popular video surveillance because of its reliability and low price. The camera does not broadcast images but it records them, so that user can always check to see what occurred while they were away. It is widely used at public spaces and residences for security purposes.
CCTV which means closed circuit television, this is a system utilizes cameras to provide security by sending specific signal to destination, were it is used surveillance and observation of a place or people. In this paper I will seek to analyze how CCTV can be used as a comprehensive security solution by show the roles that a CCTV system would have to fulfill before it can be considered or viewed as a comprehensive security solution. These roles include deterrence, detection, delaying, assessment and response I will briefly explain each and give example. I will then move to explain how CCTV aids in the prevention and reduction of crime, by look at a reach and how the effect of CCTV in parking lots and other public places. I will also illustrate how CCTV can assist Law enforcement and other security practitioners in their investigations. Readers will be given short synapse of the different types of cameras and systems that are available, and examples of how they can be used and utilized. Last but not least I shall speak about the down side and concerns that come with having a CCTV system. This will be done by showing how the cost may affect the whole system, as it will take a good some of money to install, maintain and monitor the CCTV systems. Afterwards I will elaborate on one of the public major concern, which is surveillance system being intrusive and impeding on their right to privacy. The last concern that I shall discuss is the threat of hacker to CCTV system.
Ronald V Clarke originally developed the idea of situational crime prevention in the 1980’s (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). This particular crime prevention theory addresses techniques that increase the effort required to commit the crime, increase the risks involved with committing the crime, reducing the reward gained by the offender after committing the crime, reducing the provocation between the offender and others and remove excuses (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Majority of crime is believed to be committed because there are no high risks of being caught and the rewards outweigh the risks (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Increasing the effort by controlling access to locations and target hardening can deflect many offenders, as more effort is needed to commit the crime (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Another main technique would be to increase the risks; this may be achieved by extending guardianship, creating natural surveillance or artificial surveillance such as CCTV (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005).
Routine Activities Theory includes elements from deterrence and rational choice theories. Routine Activity Theory provides a simple and influential imminent into the sources of crime problems. The main idea is that in the lack of valuable controls, offenders will prey upon attractive targets. In order for crime to occur, a motivated offender must come in contact directly or indirectly with a target. The target is a thing or an object if it is a property crime. The target is a person if it is a personal crime. If a target is never in the same place as a motivated offender, the target can never be a victim of crime...
Smithsimon, Molly. "Private Lives, Public Spaces." Dissent 50.1 (Winter 2003): 43. Academic Search Premier. Glendale Community College, Glendale, AZ. 25 February 2008. Surveillance Tech. [videorecording]. [United States]: A&E Home Video, 2004.
Surveillance is used by the government for them to find out information about other people or crimes that have happened and it ensures people about public safety around there area. These cameras are used for people who steal in stores or other areas. The owners get to go back and look at the cameras to see who committed the crime at the time if they suspect something. I do not think someone is monitoring the surveillance at all hours of the day and night. I believe that only when they suspect something or see someone stealing they look at the camera for evidence to catch the person if they didn’t catch them in the moment. Many people may think that if surveillance is everywhere there will be less crimes. “If a crime is committed and there is a surveillance camera, there is a good chance that the authorities will be able to get a viable image of the criminal. The camera footage can be used to put the image on posters and aired on television where someone might be able to recognize who the person is. Without the surveillance camera, it may be more difficult to get a detailed description of the perpetrator.”(ehow) My personal opinion is some of the cameras may not even work or even turned on they might just be there to make people nervous, or scared. There are so many crimes and break-ins that nobody can seem to figure out still till this day. There are people who bring guns or other things on plans or even schools that’s cause scenes to happen. If they had the correct surveillance that actually worked why are people still till this day getting away with so
Situational crime prevention reduces the opportunities for criminals to commit crime by making changes to or altering the environment with the assistance of the police, neighbors and other agencies (Worrall, 2008). The main theories of situational crime prevention are: environmental crime prevention, rational offender perspective, and routine activities (Worrall, 2008). Environmental crime prevention basically states that four elements must be present for a crime to occur: a target, a place (opportunity), a law, and an offender. Environmental crime prevention is designed to prevent people from breaking the law by altering street and building designs, or altering the environment to make it safer (Worrall, 2008). An example of this that is used by law enforcement is to place a sign at the public trash dumpsters informing the public that the area is being videotaped. This method is used to alter the publi...
Having a network of cameras on every street in the city increases the chances of preventing a crime, along with the ability to capture a criminal on video. Some people argue that the cameras generate an overwhelming amount of evidence to sift through.... ... middle of paper ... ... However, because all this technology is relatively new, there are not really any policies that have been enacted yet.
Crime prevention is a very important concept that has been in place for a long period of time. However, most recently, the issue of crime reduction has been introduced. These terms are at times used or employed interchangeably, which may be confusing. By definition, Crime prevention involves the approaches that work towards ensuring that criminal activities are not committed (Schneider, 201...