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Karl popper's falsification summary
Karl popper's falsification summary
Karl popper's falsification summary
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Sir Karl Popper's Falsifiability Claim
Popper asserts that "it is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory--if we look for confirmations." Kuhn illustrates (page 6), in his discussion of cosmologies, that man needs a structure for his universe. Man needs to explain the physical relation between his personal habitat and nature in order to feel at home. Explaining this relation gives meaning to his actions.
Moreover, Kuhn says observation is a double edged sword (page 7). This sword can confirm or conflict with cosmology which can destroy the theory. Kuhn discusses the astronomer (page 7), who because of his own world view (via his specialty) will not verify Milton's image of the Milky Way as being broad and ample or Shakespeare's vision of stars as night candles. Those descriptions don't tell the astronomer how far away the Milky Way, the Sun or Jupiter happen to be.
Observations (page 26) are only clues to a mystery. The schema created by the observer can affect the results. "Therefore, observations like those discussed in the preceding sections could be collected and put in systematic form by men whose beliefs about the structure of the universe resembled those of the ancient Egyptians" (page 26).
Kuhn discusses the functions of a conceptual scheme (page 36). He indicates that a theory deriving from observations can also transcend them. Kuhn says that since the two sphere universe is based on the human imagination of the obser...
In Alan Lightman’s, “Our Place in the Universe,” he describes his experiences in the Greek Isles explaining how meek it made him feel to be surrounded by the vast ocean with no land in sight except a small strip of brown in the distance. Great thinkers throughout history, have been exploring the visible variety of shapes, colors, and sizes, though the greatest of these are size, from the smallest atom to gargantuan stars. These massive differences in size change the way we view ourselves in the universe. (470) Garth Illingworth, from the University of California, has studied galaxies more than 13 billion light years away from us.
While Kuhn’s 5 characteristics do help give direction to the process of determining which paradigm is to take over the old, it also comes with many potential problems. One major problem is that scientists may still reach different conclusions by using the same criterion because of different interpretations of the criterion. They may also hold certain criterion as more important than others.
Sire, James W. The universe next door: a basic worldview catalog. 3rd ed. Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press, 1997.
An underlying theme present throughout the series is the possibility that our existence is not the only one. According to current theories in physics, it is entirely possible that our universe is just one of many universes f...
...s theory of gravity in favor of Einstein’s theory. However, by doing this we gain truth but lose unification. Truth is compatible with unification with respect to alternative theories of explanation, like causal theory. However, truth is incompatible with unity within the theory of unification. Kitcher’s response fails to redeem the theory of unification against both of the worries presented by Lewis’ objection. Thus, Kitcher fails to prove that unification is an adequate theory of explanation.
Truth, certainty, precision are the highest criteria for judgement on any statement concerning structures and processes of a universe within the reach of the human mind. People learned that the mythological heritage cannot satisfy all spiritual needs and, consequently, the mind activity extended from the perceptual explanation of the world to the conception of means to record and disseminate the resulting cognitions. Thinking became gradually a researching activity with a lasting educational component and was able to develop a twofold advance: philosophy dealing with general retrospective analyses and prospective outlooks, and science focussing the attention on particular actual problems approached by specific means. In spite of obvious differences, both philosophical and scientifical thoughts are to submit their statements to he above criteria for assuming the noblest tasks of Paideia.
The theory of how quasars are created is based on the idea that the universe is expanding. Among astronomers, the popular consensus is that the Earth is in an expanding universe in which the laws of physics will hold true beyond this planet as well. G. Mark Voit, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute, believes that the beginning of the universe was a time when many galaxies would be visible to the naked eye b...
...t agree with that. Also, while Einstein thought that a system could be judged by the experiments and observations objectively, Kuhn did not think that either. Einstein’s science can still be expressed in Kuhn’s terminology as a scientific revolution and revolutionary science.
Astronomy’s beginnings can be considered to go back as far as humankind has looked up at the sky in wonder. A simple question then led to an answer that is still being uncovered today. That question: “What is everything up there?” Two-thousand years later, some questions have been answered. Many still remain. However, the process in which these answers have been obtained has not been simple. Many times throughout history, astronomers have believed the answer was in sight and tenaciously believed the idea, only to discover they were wrong years later. These astronomical fads have held the progress of astronomy, and consequently almost all other branches of science, back for hundreds of years as the truth was sorted out. One of the first examples of this was the model of solar system. Aristotle first reasoned that the Earth was at the center and the sun and planets traveled around it on crystalline spheres (Baron 44). The most distant sphere was black and had many small holes punched in it (Baron 44). Behind that was the light from Heaven which shown through the holes making the stars (Baron 44).
Reeves uses the example of Johanes Kepler who believed the universe acted like a machine (Reeves 26). By likening the vast, complex universe to a machine, Kepler is better equipped to explain his predictions about the behaviors of the universe.
Democritus, a pre-socratic philosopher, is credited with first hypothesizing that the bright band which runs across the night sky may be a close cluster of stars. Democritus lived around the year 400 BC. It wasn’t until the 17th century that Galileo Galilei provided proof that the galaxy was made up of many stars, using an early telescope. Then in the 18th century a man name Thomas Wright postulated that the galaxy what actually a gigantic rotating clus...
“We used to look up at the sky and wonder about our place in the stars, now we just look down and worry about our place in the dirt” (Interstellar). No one knows, or may ever know for certain, how the universe ever came into existence. Cosmologists have uncovered multiple viable theories that explain the advent of the universe, but we assume that there can only be one. In 1927, Georges Lemaître suggested that the universe began at a moment in time and from there everything expanded exponentially outward from that single point. Lemaître’s model was only one of many developed that genuinely offered an explanation to how the universe was created. Lemaître’s model was approached with skepticism because, at the time, a static universe was generally
Moritz Schlick believed the all important attempts at establishing a theory of knowledge grow out of the doubt of the certainty of human knowledge. This problem originates in the wish for absolute certainty. A very important idea is the concept of "protocol statements", which are "...statements which express the facts with absolute simplicity, without any moulding, alteration, or addition, in whose elaboration every science consists, and which precede all knowing, every judgment regarding the world." (1) It makes no sense to speak of uncertain facts, only assertions and our knowledge can be uncertain. If we succeed therefore in expressing the raw facts in protocol statements without any contamination, these appear to be the absolutely indubitable starting points of all knowledge. They are again abandoned, but they constitute a firm basis "...to which all our cognitions owe whatever validity they may possess." (2) Math is stated indirectly into protocol statements which are resolved into definite protocol statements which one could formulate exactly, in principle, but with tremendous effort. Knowledge in life and science in some sense begins with confirmation of facts, and the protocol statements stand at the beginning of science. In the event that protocol statements would be distinguished by definite logical properties, structure, position in the system of science, and one would be confronted with the task of actually specifying these properties. We fin...
Theorizing and hypothesizing are at the heart of the scientific method and are imperative to the progression of science. Understanding how the universe works additionally entails understanding how the universe does not work. Amongst Aristotelian physics were the original theories...
Astronomers make certain assumptions when they study the universe as a whole. These assumptions may be difficult to prove or verify in practice, but they form an essential starting point for cosmology. The first is the idea that the laws of physics can be applied across the universe. It is a very bold assumption, because our laws of physics are only determined precisely in laboratories on Earth and they may not apply exactly over all time and space. Hubble had to assume that Cepheid variables always worked the same way in order to demonstrate that many of the nebulae were distant galaxies. Astronomers are quite confident that physics is not wildly different elsewhere in the universe. We see the same types of stars and galaxies everywhere we look. We see spectral lines from the same elements billions of light years away that we do in nearby stars. These observations lend support to the