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Contributions of Catherine the Great of Russia
Background information on catherine the great essAY
Background information on catherine the great essAY
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Frederick the Great vs. Catherine the Great Fredrick the Great became a Prussian ruler and King after his father’s death, from May 31st, 1740 until his own death in 1786. Fredrick was a sensitive and an intelligent humanist who wrote poetry, and produced insightful essays. More than any other ruler of the age, Fredrick the Great of Prussia embodied enlightened absolutism. Enlightened absolutism is when absolute rulers use enlightenment principles to reform a society. Frederick demanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, a growing bureaucracy recruited from an educated middle class, and university professors (539). Because of their loyalty, Fredrick felt that he had the
She tried to bring about political and social reforms by compiling a document called “Nakaz” which contained advice on how legislature should function and pushed for capital punishment and torture to be outlawed and everyone be declared equal. She focused the early years of her reign on the promotion of administrative efficiency and expansion of educational opportunities. Under Catherine reign, the Assignation Bank started issuing the government paper in 1768, having the Government Issue paper money. Ands lastly, during Catherine made substantial gains in Poland and gave the parts of Poland to Prussia and Austria, while taking the eastern region for herself. Catherine worst blunders were that she did not allow dissenters to build chapels and she suppressed religious dissent after the French revolution. Catherine ruled through corruption, scandal, and her failed attempts at reforms. Lastly, 95% of Russia did not benefit directly from Catherine’s reign, and she did not consider the blood and sweat of the people who help grow the economy during this
The Prussia Army increased state power through economic and social policies under the leadership of Frederick the Great. His economic and social policies were ever changing thus leaving other states questioning how this unlikely king become one of Europe’s major powers. Parker stated, “ through both argument and naked military force, Frederick wrung concessions from his territories that allowed him to collect taxes from each to support a single army and to recruit that force in all his lands.” As a result, he began to conceptualize that economy as operating under its autonomous laws and saw individual enterprise as the deregulation of production as the key to the growth of his army. In addition to a tax system, Frederick “compelled his young aristocrats to serve as an officer, and once they joined the army, only debility or death could release them.” Through this action the officer corps was created with a male of royalty and rich inheritance, thus increasing the economic power of
Catherine II was motivated by the ideals of enlightened absolutism because she read the works of enlightenment writers and believed that certain reforms would ensure the well-being of her subjects. Catherine’s first major reform involved Russia’s legal system, which was based on the inefficient Code of Laws. Catherine's legal reform was documented to be the ideal government for Russia. The Empress called for a progressive legal system which focused on granting equal protection under law to all persons and emphasizing prevention of criminal acts rather than the imposing of harsh punishment. Catherine also reformed domestic matters after a series of threatening events. For security reasons, she reorganized provincial administration to favor the nobility. Catherine even reformed educational facilities by increasing the number of elementary and secondary schools. She also gave attention to the arts and science, making St. Petersburg one of the most cultural place in Europe during her reign. The reforms that were influenced by enlightened absolutism were appealing to Catherine II because it would bring peace and stability to Russia and its people. This made her favorable among her people, thus making her more
While most of Europe had develop strong central governments and weakened the power of the nobles, Russia had lagged behind the times and still had serfs as late as 1861. The economic development that followed the emancipation of peasants in the rest of Europe created strong industrial and tax bases in those nations. Russian monarchs had attempted some level of reforms to address this inequality for almost a century before, and were indeed on their way to “economic maturity” (32) on par with the rest of Europe. But they overextended themselves and the crushing defeats of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and the First World War in 1917 lost them the necessary support from their subjects and created “high prices and scarcity” which were by far “the most obvious factors in the general tension”
However, here the was a monarchy and a king with great control over the government. Using his control of the economy, a strong "Mercantilism" system was used aimed at maximizing foreign exports and reserves. The king became the center of this new power. The last major point which increased political power was the reorganizing of the central governments in both England and in France. The economic changes in this century required new relationships between the King and his subjects.
The Victorian Era is a Era that is extremely known throughout society. It’s known to take place in the United Kingdom of Great Britain, In the Nineteenth century. The Era is named after their Queen Victoria, The Queen at the time who ruled until her death in 1901, in which the era had ended. The era had many things go on throughout the years, in a nutshell it was a industrial revolution. The era has a lot of influence even in modern times, the parts of modern time pop culture has even structured area around the area. A lot of things that we know from today were formed or created in this era making it quite important. This is including but not limited to invention, Medical, Science, Public Service, Entertainment, and Workforce.
Catherine soon became the empress of Russia and even though she was a foreigner she proved to be a great leader. She was in charge of a big expansion of Russian territory when a polish Russian war broke out and led to the seize of the European expenditures. Great military wins and a good diplomacy made Russia one of Europe’s greatest powers, expansions into Siberia brought money back into Moscow from the fur trade which led to friendly relations between Russia and Japan.
In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, Lady Catherine and Elizabeth Bennet reveal their personalities in their conversation in the copse; Lady Catherine through her mordant commentary paints herself as a reputable and resolute woman, whereas Elizabeth, despite her lower status, exhibits her cunning and headstrong attitude. [2] The two ladies both use precise diction and artfully crafted sentences to convey their characters. Lady Catherine arrives at the Bennet estate with preconceived notions of how she will conduct the conversation, but once they begin talking, Elizabeth crushes her expectations, and rises above the condescending Lady Catherine. Lady Catherine, having heard of the rumor that Darcy intends to propose
...er civilizations, its use by Frederick II is what secured Prussian power and him the title of Frederick the Great.
The Greeks and Romans were famous for their ever-expanding empire, it seemed that no matter who was in charge of the democracy the major focus was help the empire to grow. One of the greatest conquerors’ for the Romans was Alexander the Great who ruled during the late 4th century BC. He along with his armies took over a great amount of land from other nations, which is what made him so memorable. Not only was Alexander the Great impressive but the Mediterranean Roman Republic collectively that fought and stretched the rule of the Romans to other nations. While these two eras of expansion are very similar they are also different, what happened to the people that were conquered, the manner these empires were ruled, and finally how long these
These principles affected Europe and the rest of the Western world for years. All actions taken must be well reasoned, and all financial, political, and military matters must flow toward strengthening the state and furthering its power. It improved women rights granting those increased educational opportunities, revolutionary economic theories, and plenty of literature and music. The reasoning and problem solving made the Enlightment era pivotal. However, it took some people time to get use to the principles of the Enlightenment but it made a beneficial effect on their daily lives. It made people form a single body and not abuse their authority of power. The advancement of the Enlightenment transformed the Western world into an intellectual and self-aware civilization. The Enlightened Absolutists were Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria. Catherine was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country’s longest –ruling female leader. Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to
Having been enlightened by common philosophies of his time during his short reign of the Habsburg Empire in the late 1700s, the despot, Joseph II, having a clear vision of his empire as powerful and benevolent, employed his power to enact many long desired, Enlightenment-influenced reforms over his people. The Despot’s reigning ideas were characterized as modern and enlightened as they followed the rational thought presented by popular philosophes, including Voltaire, Father Hidalgo, and Thomas Jefferson. His opinions, representative of Enlightenment ideals, were rooted in the abolition of serfdom, religious tolerance, and educational reform, which made Joseph II an exemplary sovereign of the Enlightenment age.
All good stories have at least one thing that helps the story move along in a more unified and intriguing manner. In F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" the element that assists in the progression of the story, is based more on the characters of the story than anything. The fact that Nick and Gatsby have completely contrasting personalities, beliefs, and lifestyles, really helps the advancement of the novel.
... on discipline. Firstly, he needed to be sure of the loyalty of subordinates and officials, which he did by introducing rewards and punishments, the incentive of rewards increased momentum, however because targets were so high and nearly impossible the only beneficiaries were the Stakhanovites (workers who exceeded their quota). Secondly he ended wage equalisation, claiming that equality caused chaos.
Russia had been defeated in all except the war with Turkey and its government and economy had the scars to prove it. A severe lack of food and poor living conditions amongst the peasant population led firstly to strikes and quickly escalated to violent riots. Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia with an iron hand while much of Europe was moving away from the monarchical system of rule. All lands were owned by the Tsar’s family and Nobel land lords, while the factories and industrial complexes were owned by the capitalists’. There were no unions or labour laws and the justice system had made almost all other laws in favour of the ruling elite.
Prussia was a small nation, yet benefited from generations of dominant and influential leaders. Frederick William, known as the Elector of Brandenburg, devoted years to constructing Prussia into a powerful administration. He is commonly referred to as the father of absolutism in Prussia. Frederick William prioritized the growth of the army, thus ingraining its military into the state and society. Taxation and marchantilism were also used to help grow their exceptional army. His grandson, Frederick William the “Soldier King”, continued his formation of Prussia’s military-centered bureaucracy into the absolutist state. He began with incorporating “the landowning Junker class into the government and the army by keeping the taxpaying peasants in the status of serfs” (Perry, 396). In return for their service to the King, the Junker class, or Prussian nobility was allowed full power over the