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Essay on sickle cell aneamia with malaria
Essay on sickle cell aneamia with malaria
Essay on sickle cell aneamia with malaria
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The point of this lab report is to explain the study of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium as it applies to sickle-cell anemia and malaria in Africa. The point of the experiment was to determine whether having a gene for sickle-cell anemia and one normal gene would make you immune to malaria. The idea that there is a relationship between sickle-cell anemia and malaria was introduced by J. B. S. Haldane. Haldane was a british scientist who spent his life as geneticist, professor, biochemist, and writer. He was born November fifth, 1892 in Oxford, England. His father, John Scott Haldane, was a successful physiologist who did research on human respiration that affected the science world immensely. As a child, Haldane assisted his father in his research and experiments. He began this at the age of eight. Since he started so early, his knowledge was much more advanced than the average person by the time he finished his education. He completed his college education at more than one …show more content…
Haldane suggested that they have a relation because he observed the allele frequencies of malaria in places that it is common. The relationship between these two is that a genetic change in hemoglobin that causes sickle-cell anemia, but prevents malaria. Hemoglobin is a red protein that carries oxygen through the bloodstream. Since both of these conditions are fatal, the best option would clearly be to steer clear of them, but for some people this is not an option. In Africa, both are common and many die from them, but because of the special relationship between the two there could be hope for people with large chances of getting it. It would not be helpful if a person got sickle-cell anemia, but if they could just receive the trait it could be that they would have a substantially less chance of death from the two conditions. If the trait for sickle-cell anemia wasn’t in full effect it could prevent malaria, but also not cause sickle-cell
The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below.
The purpose of a homeostatic system is to maintain steady/stable internal environment at a set point. Glucose is used as a major energy source by most cells in the human body. Cells break down glucose in order to produce ATP (energy), to carry out their cellular processes. Blood glucose concentration is maintained between 3.9-5.6 mmol/L-1. The reason behind this range is due to the fact that people of different ages and genders require different amounts of glucose in their blood to carry out different metabolic processes. For example, a growing teenage boy would require a higher blood glucose concentration in comparison to a middle aged women. Blood glucose concentration must be maintained between this set point range because anything above or below this can cause severe problems. If blood glucose concentration becomes too low the tissues in the body that solely rely on glucose as an energy source are greatly affected, as they need a constant supply of glucose in order to function adequately. These
Sickle Cell Anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, which increases blood thickness hence affects the smooth flow of blood. This causes by the destruction of red cells where the normal shape of red cell become a stiff sickle shape. As a result, sufficient oxygen does not reach the vital organs. A vaso-occlusive crisis arises from hindrance of blood circulation by sickled blood cells. It is characterized by sturdy pains and in some cases; it may cause permanent organ damage. This paper seeks to formulate a nursing diagnosis, as well as a plan of care that includes nursing interventions and the methods to be used to evaluate whether the interventions are successful (American Sickle Cell Anemia Association).
In the continent Africa, about 1 in 100 individuals develops this disease. We ask ourselves why is the frequency of a potentially fatal disease so much higher in Africa? The answer is related to another deadly disease, which is called malaria. Chills, fever, vomiting, and severe headaches characterize malaria (GENETICS Sickle Cell Case Study. (n.d.). 2000, October 19). Malaria is caused by a disgusting parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted to humans by mosquitos. When the malaria parasites invade the bloodstream, the red blood cells that contain defective hemoglobin get sickle cell out and die (Facts About Sickle Cell Disease. 2014, January 16). This helps protect the individual with Sickle Cell Anemia from an infection of malaria. As you can see, this is why a variety of areas in the world has a high rate of malaria, such as
During a short break of solitude from studying, I explored and came across that the environment in which most African Americans reside in has a high occurrence of malaria virus. The malaria virus disease is contagious and when it contaminates someone with sickle cell traits, it cannot survive on the external part of the human body so therefore the individual doesn’t develop the deadly malaria virus. While looking further into our class textbook on Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis, and this issue of sickle-cell among the African Americans, I
Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects hemoglobin (pronounced: hee-muh-glow-bin), a protein found in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen throughout the body.
Sickle cell was first discovered by Dr. Ernest irons that was a hospital intern who look over a patients cell which seem to be different he called them “sickle cell shaped”. Sickle cell is know as a negro inherited diseases which is incorrect not only African Americans have this diseases. Many other races are effect by this diseases and regions all over the world such as India, Mediterranean countries, South American. In this case sickle disease work kind of like vaccination for malaria another diseases, this is the most common inherited disease in American. Anyone who has sickle trait and have a baby with someone who has the trait also can bring a baby into the world the world with SCD.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease of red blood cells. Normally red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin A, which carries oxygen to all the organs in the body. With sickle cell anemia, however, the body makes a different kind of protein, called hemoglobin S.
Having an inherited disease like sickle cell anemia takes a life-long of treatments and preventions of complications that comes with being diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Many people have lived a long time while dealing with the disease because of the on-going care being provided to keep patients as healthy as possible. Knowing that both male and female have the sickle cell trait can prevent having a child with the sickle cell disease. From the help of the parents, doctors and medicine, sickle cell patients don’t have to deal with the pressure of living with a life threatening disease.
Sickle cell anemia is the most common in hemoglobin mutation diseases due to mutation to beta-blobin gene. The substitution of valine for glutamate at position 6 of the beta chains paces a nonpolar residue on the outside of hemoglobin S. the oxygen affinity and allosteric properties of hemoglubin are virtually unaffected by this changes. However, this alternation markedly reduces the solubility of the deoxygenated but not the oxygenated form of hemoglobin. Thus, sicking occurs when there is a high concentration of the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin.
Some of our population may be more at risk then others due to the ethnic background. This diseases is more prominent in some races more than others and studies have shown where the numbers increase or decrease depending on the race. Decedents of Africa, India, the Mediterranean, South and Central America and the Caribbean have a higher percentage of diagnoses. Countries who are exposed to the malaria parasite have the higher number of Sickle Cell cases. The percentage of African Americans with sickle cell is about 1 in 500 and a percentage 1 in 1,000 to 1,400 in Hispanic Americans. People of Caucasian race are less likely to have the diseases because of the history of the d...
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
I. Introduction The heart is a major organ of the cardiovascular system, essential in maintaining homeostasis. In order to measure the efficiency of the heart, one must analyze his or her blood pressure. Blood pressure consists of two values—the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure value is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) determined by the force blood exerts on the vessels in which the ventricles of the heart contract.
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.
A laboratory diagnosis establishes an infection which needs two few samples to be gathered minimum 10 days apart and tested separately. As it can be complicated to get a second sample, few doctors suggest tests on a single sample. Though, if the test results still unsatisfying, a second sample will be recommended after the first sample in a laboratory. A second sample for laboratory diagnosis can be gathered anytime between 4 and 28 days. Collection of a second sample 10-20 days after the first will support the laboratory not just to recheck but, if an appropriate quantitative approach is accessible (Dongyou, 2016).