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General analysis on gender tourism
Introduction to sex tourism
Essays on sex tourism
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Introduction
The predominant popularity of sex tourism in South East Asia led to many foreign tourist attractions to their countries. South East Asia, notably Thailand, Indonesia, Laos, and Cambodia all have notorious red light districts promoted in guidebooks as a tourist attraction. Thus, it is not uncommon to sight family groups shopping in the open-air market while sex workers actively drag passers-by into strip clubs and bars that offers sex services on the same street. This paper is concerned with sex tourism and the images that it constructs for particular South East Asian countries. Through this paper we also explore the major kinds of sex tourisms and touch upon the psychological process behind it. Proposed ideas of correcting the negative image of sex tourism are presented for countries that hope for such changes.
Definition
The most widely accepted definition for sex tourism is the act of travelling to a foreign country to procure sexual services (Davidson and Taylor 2). Sex tourism takes place in many parts of the world and is undoubtedly the basis for many ongoing trafficking, physical abuses, and child prostitution. By defining sex tourism as “consisting of people from economically developed nations travelling to underdeveloped countries ‘specifically to purchase the sexual services of local women and men’” it correspond better with the modern sex tourism image (Davidson and Taylor 2). Increasingly more tourists have traveled to South East Asian countries for sexual pleasures, making them the typical sex tourists that nourished the multi-billion dollar industry. Just looking at Thailand alone, about 70% of all tourist men who travelled there came specifically for sex (Green 1).
Question is, who are these people...
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... gives a holistic insight to sex tourism. It discuss sex tourism through its definition, its demand population, the rationale, and global contradictions. This study was the most helpful and resourceful information that I used. The explanations were clear and precise.
Prideaux, Bruce, Jerome Agrusa, Jon Donlon, and Chris Curran. "Exotic or Erotic - Contrasting Images for Defining Destinations." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 9.1 (2004): 5-17. EBSCO Hospitality and Tourism Complete. Web. 26 Oct. 2013.
The article discusses the new images that sex tourism has brought upon to Southeast Asia, especially Thailand. Since Thailand has been one of the most popular destinations in Southeast Asia for prostitution, it has made sex a featured selling point to attract foreigners. Marketing, social, governmental implications are examined in this article.
Sex trafficking accounts for more than 70 percent of all trafficking, or as many as 19 million people (Behnke 30). Which is a lot of people that have had to go through this traumatic experience at any age they were during that time and they don’t have no choice. There are a number of reasons why children and adolescents become prostitutes. In some cases, parents are in such extreme conditions of poverty that they see the sale of the child as the only way of ensuring its survival. (Hobbs). So most of the kids that are being forced into prostitution because they want their families to have a better life and make more money so they feel like it’s their only option. Sex trafficking and prostitution have always been a part of Thailand’s history, however, the Vietnam War contributed to an explosion of the issue between 1955 and 1975. With an influx of anxious, homesick, and bored soldiers into the country, spilling over from Vietnam, the demand for prostitution skyrocketed, resulting in the growth of the human trafficking industry which still remains today.
Situated on the easternmost tip of the Dominican Republic, is Punta Cana, a gentle paradise welcoming visitors throughout the year. Locals embrace tourism and the droves of vacationers ascending on Punta Cana’s white sandy beaches because this area is booming 12 months out of the year, courtesy of impressive tourism numbers. Travelers’ demands for luxuriance are catered to by amenable locals who extend themselves to ensure their guests’ good time. This good-natured aura is definitely reflected in the area of adult entertainment. Add to it the Dominican Republic’s liberal sex industry laws, and Punta Cana can be considered a virtual Utopia where fruit which may be forbidden in one’s home country is bountiful and easily accessed.
Sex Tourists One very sad truth is that Americans travel to foreign countries to engage in sexual acts with children, acts that would be illegal in their native country and they are known as sex tourists. The United National International Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) estimates that more than 1 million children are forced into prostitution every year. According to World Vision, a Christian relief organization, many of these children are either sold into prostitution to pay off family debts or forcibly recruited on the street to work in brothels, where they are required to have sex with as many as 30 men each day. Some prostitute children are just 5 years old (2006).
In order to understand how sex trafficking affects its victims, one must first know the severity of sex trafficking and what it is. The issue of sex trafficking affects 2.5 million people at any given time (Abas et al., 2013). The form of sex slavery affects many women and children across the world. Even though both males and females are sexually trafficked and exploited, there is a deep emphasis on the sexual exploitation of women and children. This is due to gender discrimination (Miller, 2006). This is because women and children are more vulnerable and appeal to the larger populations of brothels and the so-called “clients” since the majority are men. Ecclestone (2013) stated that children as young as age three are trafficked. Sex trafficking has changed over time; “Today, the business of human sex trafficking is much more organized and violent. These women and young girls are sold to traffickers, locked up in rooms or brothels for weeks or months, drugged, terrorized, and raped repeatedly” (Walker-Rodriguez & Hill, 2011). It is found that many of the victims of sex trafficking are abducted, recruited, transported and forced into involuntary “sex work”. These sexual acts include prostitution, exotic dancing, pornography, and sexual escort services (McClain & Garrity, 2011). What happens to these sex trafficking victims is extremely traumatizing.
Prostitution, as stated by Flemming, is known as a form of sexual activity, a kind of sexual style or category, and a form of economic activity, a way of making a living through the provisions of certain services, by behaving in accordance with, or falling into such a category (39). This definition, though, is controversial. While conducting research for this project, we found that most topics regarding prostitution and its affiliates were controversial. Each author gave a differing interpretation for the same data. Due to this, our project centered on the female prostitutes, even though there is evidence of male prostitutes.
Prostitution is the provision of sexual services for negotiated payments between consenting adults. So defined, prostitution is a service industry like any other in which people exchange skills for money or other rewards. Johnson has defined prostitution as “the act of offering oneself for hire to engage in sexual relations” (Johnson 717). In addition, according to Ariza Ahmed, "Prostitution may be the world's oldest profession" (Ariza 1). Prostitution occurs in a variety of forms, two examples are street prostitution where it is more common to see, and also in escort prostitution where the act may take place at the client's residence, hotel room or private clubs. Although, generally the majority of prostitutes usually are female with male clients, but also there are gay male prostitutes, lesbian prostitutes, and heterosexual male prostitutes. One example of this service is sex tourism, which refers to traveling to engage in sexual relations with prostitutes. Since long before human beings were fully human, due to the fact that males have in general wanted more sex than females. And the basic laws of economics will inevitably meet any demand met by someone willing to supply, if the price is right. Also, as chimpanzees trade food for sex, human society ever recorded has a certain fraction of women who, for a fee, will provide sex to men outside of formal relationships such as marriage. In addition, in pre-industrial times between 1750-1850, Miller explains that sex work was one of the few ways a woman could make a good living for herself, and it is estimated that in the nineteenth century about 5.5% of the female population of the typical European or North American city was thus employed (Miller A16). For years later, sex work cont...
Barry, Kathleen. The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women. New York: New York University Press, 1996. Print.
Sex trafficking is essentially systemic rape for profit. Force, fraud and coercion are used to control the victim’s behavior which may secure the appearance of consent to please the buyer (or john). Behind every transaction is violence or the threat of violence (Axtell par. 4). Just a decade ago, only a third of the countries studied by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime had legislation against human trafficking. (Darker Side, par.1) Women, children, and even men are taken from their homes, and off of the streets and are brought into a life that is almost impossible to get out of. This life is not one of choice, it is in most times by force. UNODC estimates that the total international human trafficking is a $32-billion-per-year business, and that 79% of this activity comprises sexual exploitation. As many as 2 million children a year are victims of commercial sexual exploitation, according the the U.S. State Department.-- Cynthia G. Wagner. (Darker Side, par. 4) The words prostitute, pimp, escort, and stripper tend to be way too common in the American everyday vocabulary. People use these words in a joking manner, but sex trafficking is far from a joke. Everyday, from all different countries, people are bought and sold either by force or false promises. Some are kidnapped and others come to America with dreams of a dream life and job. The buyers involved in the trade will do anything to purchase an innocent life just to sell for their own selfish profit. Many people wouldn’t think of a human body to be something you can buy in the back room of a business or even online. But those plus the streets are where people are sold most often. There are many reasons and causes for sex trafficking. The factors behind sex traffic...
The largest number of sex trafficking victims originates in Asia, with an estimated 150,000 annually from South Asia alone. India is a major destination country for sex trafficked women and girls, with large numbers of Nepalese, Bangladeshi, and rural Indian females trafficked to Indian cities annually. Mumbai is considered to be the most common sex trafficking destination within India (Silverman, Decker, Gupta, Maheshwari, Patel, Willis & Raj, 2007).
Transitional desires and sex tourism in the Dominican Republic What’s love got to do with it? By Denise Brennan is about sex tourism in Sosua, Dominican Republic. Sex tourism has become a big socioeconomic trend in Sosua which use to be an agricultural landscape which was then turned into a sexscape. The majority of the population in Sosua is composed of white foreigners and sex workers specifically poor Haitian and Dominican men and women. Sosua and any other places in the Caribbean has some sort of connection to the developed world1 who introduces a mode of production and consumption that helps shape society and the economy in these places.
“Twenty-two thousand girls are kidnapped every single day and are forced into prostitution. They are being beaten, raped, and sometimes even killed.” This brutal reality is all over the world, but not in public eye. Although there are some places, such as Afghanistan, that represent this hostile way towards women and children that have been bought and sold into this tyrannical lifestyle. Overall, Afghanistan has generally dominated in the booming business of sexual trades because of money, education, and rights towards women. As a result, Afghanistan has produced more business and has left many women broken because of the tragic lifestyle they have faced.
The reverse of traditional roles in the Bali sex tourism industry raises this debate over whether it is sexual exploitation or romance tourism. Sheila Jeffreys argues that romance tourism is a more suitable term to define the behaviour of women participating in sex tourism in Bali. She argues that these women engage in liaisons that “are constructed through a discourse of romance and long-term relationship, an emotional involvement usually not present in sex tourism”. In relation, the male prostitutes, called Kuta Cowboys, are suggested to be considered ‘romantic entrepreneurs’. This is a stark contrast to the dubbed commercial ‘prostitution tourism’ that men are viewed to engage in when they vacation for the purpose of sex. There is a dramatic
To sum up, prostitution should not be legitimatized. It is clearly indicated that it is a major source of sexually transmitted diseases, physical assault resulting to injury, drug abuse, infertility as well as unwanted pregnancies. All this have negative implications to the society directly or indirectly. The overall country’s health status is poor due to poor quality of health. There is low life expectancy as a result of the diseases and drug use among female prostitutes
This stereotype of Japanese-Filipina marriages, however, reinforced the negative image of these unions as relationships between "prostitutes" and "patrons.” With the growing visibility of Chinese prostitutes in Tokyo, as well as recent media reports on sex tourism in China, a similar but less-prevailing stereotype has developed for unions between Japanese men with Chinese women as well. Thus, Japanese men married to Asian women of lower economic standing are often depicted in the media as “immoral” and demonized for utilizing their economic advantage in seeking sexual
Sexual objectification of women is viewing them solely as de-personalized objects of desire instead of as individuals of complex personalities, which is done by speaking or thinking of women solely by their physical attributes. Sexuality has been a controversial topic for a long time, and there have been many thinkers pondering on its effects on societies and cultures all over the world. The physical expression of sexuality is fundamental and universal. What differs is how cultures, religions and societies construe and influence both the setting in which sexual intercourse between men and women occurs and the type of relationships in which pregnancy is encouraged. The idea behind this form of controlled sexual behavior, which was enforced by culture and society, was to promote family health and welfare, and thereby create healthy societies for the survival and expansion of mankind. Prostitution, the practice of selling one’s body for the purpose of another’s sexual gratification, has existed throughout history in all parts of the world. Prostitution is considered by many a shameful, degrading, and abusive practice that fosters crime, exposes prostitutes to violence, increases sexually transmitted diseases and child prostitution, disrupts family values, and promotes sex trafficking. Legalization of prostitution has not only failed to empower the women in prostitution, but has strengthened the sex industry and the crimes associated with it.