Scurvy
Scurvy is a kind of malnutrition, however; firstly you should know a
little about
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malnutrition before you read about scurvy.
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Malnutrition is a dietary condition caused by a deficiency or excess
of one or more essential nutrients in the diet. Malnutrition is
characterised by a wide array of health problems, including extreme
weight loss, stunted growth, weakened resistance to infection, and
impairment of intellect. Severe cases of malnutrition can lead to
death.
Children suffer from the effects of starvation more quickly than
adults do. According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
malnutrition contributes to the deaths of more than 6 million children
under age five each year. Typically, starving children develop a
condition called protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The two most
common forms of PEM, marasmus and kwashiorkor, occur in all developing
countries and are life-threatening conditions. Marasmus occurs when a
child is weaned earlier than normal and receives foods low in
nutrients. The child may also suffer repeated infections, such as
gastro-enteritis, due to poor hygiene. A child with marasmus is very
underweight, with no body fat and wasted muscles. Kwashiorkor occurs
when a child is weaned later than normal and receives starchy foods
low in protein. In this disease, the child's abnormally low body
weight is often masked by water retention, which makes the face
moon-shaped and the belly swollen.
Deficiency diseases are usually associated with lack of vitamins or
minerals. The effects of a vitamin or mineral deficiency on the body
depend on the function of the particular nutrient lacking. For
example, vitamin A is important for good vision, and severe deficiency
of this vitamin may cause blindness. Because some vitamins and
minerals have many functions, prolonged nutritional deficiencies can
therefore have wide-ranging effects on health.
Diets that lack a wide variety of foods may result in vitamin
deficiency diseases. For example, in countries where people eat maize
as the staple food and only few other foods, diets may lack niacin, a
Potato virus X (PVX) is a plant RNA virus. Its infection cycle includes invasion of the host plant, RNA replication, translation of viral proteins, cell-to-cell movement and release of new virions. Upon infection, PVX releases its plus-strand RNA genome from the virion and produces a viral replicase using host translation machinery. The replicase synthesizes minus-strand RNA. Subsequently new plus-strand genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) are produced. Movement and coat proteins are translated from the sgRNAs for encapsidation and movement through plasmodesmata. In this mini-review, all aspects of the virus infection cycle of PVX are discussed.
World hunger is a very important epidemic because of the risks or implications it imposes on the rest of the world. Juveniles are the utmost apparent victims of under-nutrition. 2.6 million children die as a result of hunger-related causes each year. 66 million school-aged children go to classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone. One in four of the world's youth are kept from growing due to malnutrition. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three. A strong maternal-infant bond provided through psychosocial stimulation is essential for positive child development. The formation of this bond at the beginning of life is an essential step that sets the stage for cognitive,emotional, and social development later in life. Feeding and other care practices provide opportunities for psychosocial stimulation and help to establish a positive attachment between caregiver and child.(WHO) Under-nutrition magnifies the effect of every disease, such as measles,diarrhea and malaria. Asia has the largest number of hungry people (over 500 million) however S...
In Richard Wright’s “Hunger”, a mother is forced with a difficult decision. Should she “baby” her child and prevent him from fighting, or should she encourage him to fight and “stand up like a man”? Unfortunately, the mother’s decision is a clear one. The mother tells the boy to stand up for himself and fight back.
The issue written in this article is regarding the banning and lack of approval for blight-resistant potatoes in the european union. Late potato blight, a potato disease caused by the the eukaryotic microorganism phytophthora infestans, is a significant cause for loss of crop and yield by potato farmers. Looking back to the past, the blight was responsible for the catastrophic Irish Great Famine of the 1840s causing eradication of their main food source, potatoes. As a result of the blight, potatoes become rotten and unsafe for human consumption. Late potato blight today is still a serious issue because it has caused the loss of $5.9 billion dollars of potatoes worldwide annually.By engineering blight resistance into potatoes, scientists have hoped to increase the yield and productivity of potato crops affected by this devastating disease. However, the attempts of the scientists are met with strong resistance by anti-GMO activists and lobbying groups, who are intent on food as naturally pure as possible. In consequence of not using genetically modified potatoes, the farmers are forced to use costly pesticides in an attempt to control the blight. With the human population rapidly increasing, it is essential that all measures be taken to increase food/crop yield in order to prevent starvation and hunger caused by the overpopulation. The battle between agricultural researchers like Simplot and the anti-GMO lobbying group GeneWatch is a controversial one that must be addressed by this generation and future generations.
The human body is a complex system that often malfunctions. Many people believe that numerous diseases are natural reflection of the body aging and cannot be avoided. The goal of my paper is to elaborate this perception and explain that maintain healthy and active lifestyle can result in healthy body.
Hunger is a result of poverty, as well as poverty being a result of hunger. Hunger causes the body’s radius to decrease in addition to a person’s level of energy and mental functions. An adult’s hunger struggle could seriously affect their labor abilities and could eventually lead to unemployment. Unemployment and low incomes are the all time leading causes of childhood hunger. Martin Luther King Jr. once said, “Why should there be hunger and privation in any land, in any city, at any table when man has the resources and the scientific know-how to provide all mankind with the basic necessities of life?” (Child Hunger Fact Sheet).
Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C in your diet, so not eating enough oranges,strawberries,peppers,guavas,Broccoli etc... Scurvy can also be caused by dependency on alcohol or drugs, complex mental health conditions, such as severe depression or schizophrenia, pregnan...
Known as the most widespread and most common nutritional disease in major developing countries Kwashiorkor is a very serious condition. The condition of Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition where a young child is not getting the protein they need in their diet, yet at the same time they are getting enough calories. It usually affects children between the ages of one to three, but studies show it can develop at any age ("Human nutrition in the developing world", n.d.). While the disease is rarely seen here in the United States and developing countries, it is a very dominant disease and very wide spread in sub-suburban Africa, Southeast Asia and Central America ("Human nutrition in the developing world", n.d.). When this disease does present itself in the United Stat...
Even though there are numerous families that struggle to put food on the table, protein deficiency is rare in the United States, but can be seen in third world countries like Africa. However, protein deficiency disorders can occur even in the United States with people suffering from “alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or certain intestinal tract disorders, [as well as] those who are elderly, have limited incomes, and are chronically ill”(Schiff 2013). Under nutrition of any kind is due to a lack of food in some fashion whether from crop failures, political unrest, or civil wars, but the etiology of Kwashiorkor and other protein deficiencies is often more complicated. Protein energy malnutrition (also known as PEM) affects people who do not consume sufficient amounts of protein. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 18% of children are underweight due to malnutrition of some kind, including protein-energy malnutrition. There are in fact two types of PEM, kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in developing countries, primarily occurring where mothers breastfeed their infants until they give birth to another child. The older
Even though there is such a large food production in India and they are one of the world’s largest food exporters, still so many go hungry. India’s economy has boomed in the past decades, creating an even larger gap between rich and poor.Even though their middle and upper class outnumber their poor, the population is so large that the amount of people below the poverty line is unprecedented. Malnutrition of the poor is India’s largest downfall in the area of food security and nutrition. It is more common for undernutrition to occur in rural areas of India, but it even happens in cities. According to Unicef, out of the 20% of children worldwide that are “wasting” (a person or a part of the body becoming progressively weaker and more emaciated), over one third are Indian citizens. If just regarding children under the age of five years old, 43% are underweight, and 48% (or 61 million children) have stunted growth due to malnutrition. Lack of education is a large contributor to the vast disparity of nutritional security. Children whose mothers have less than 12 years of school education are five times more likely to be
In the rural areas, the children suffer from basic health problems and malnutrition. They suffer from diseases such as iron deficiency anemia and intestinal worms, due to the lack of nutrition from the food they eat and the poor hygiene conditions they live in.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines malnutrition as “the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions”. This imbalance includes both inadequate and excessive energy intake; the former leading to malnutrition in the form of wasting, stunting and underweight, and the latter resulting in overweight and obesity.
To the United Nations, nearly a quarter of children under the age of five are expected to remain underweight in two thousand and fifteen. The World Health Organization has reported hunger and related malnutrition as the greatest single threat to the world's public health. Improving nutrition is widely regarded as the most effective form of aid. Nutrition-specific interventions, which address the immediate causes of under nutrition, have been proven to deliver among the best value for money of all development interventions. In Africa, rates have been increasing for malnourished people (Hanson 204-5). For hundreds of millions of people, starvation is a daily threat. In the poor nations of Africa, Asia, Latin America, billions of hungry people face starvation. It begins with an ache in your stomach that eventually weakens your heart and stops beating. Today about five billion of the world’s five point nine billion live in poor nations. (“Hunger and Malnutrition” web).
The dictionary definition of Malnutrition is “lack of proper nutrition; inadequate or unbalanced nutrition.” The prevalence of malnutrition in the world among children is “about 47 percent of children under five years of age are chronically malnourished.” There has recently been a decrease in the rate of children who are chronically malnourished, “Between 1994 and 2008, the prevalence of children who are malnourished declined from 35.2% to 27.2%.” These rates have decreased because of the multiple plans that the United Nations have made and executed in order to benefit the world hunger