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Ritalin and its effects
Research paper on ritalin
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Ritalin Abuse on Campus Throughout most of her childhood, Jessica Miele* was viewed by her family and peers as a strange girl. Her hyperactivity, trouble in school, and drive for music left her parents confused with what to do with him after several frustrating years. At age 14, Miele was sent from her home in New York to Vermont Academy, a boarding school in the mountains. It was there that she found his gifted ability to exprses herself creativley through art and music, and formed close friendships with her roommates. It was also in Vermont where she found the “study” drug, Ritalin. Miele, and her roommates quickly got into the habit of “bumping” or snorting Ritalin to get a quicker buzz. Some students used it to help assist them in studying in order to not be easily distracted. For others, it was used alongside a couple of beers. About one year after Miele found Ritalin, she was diagnosed with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder or more commonly known as ADHD, and her doctor, without knowing of the ongoing abuse quickly prescribed her the drug she had already been well acquainted with for the past 12 months. Quickly, Miele became the main distributor of the popular drug throughout her high school campus. Often, she would call her mother at home in New York for more of her prescribed medication. Suspicions at home soon caught up with the 16-year-old however and Miele began to be administered the drug through the school’s nurse, limiting her access to the drug and curtailing Miele’s distribution although the demand on campus was still high. Ritalin, produced by the pharmaceutical company Novartis, is the brand name for methylphenidate, a central nervous system stimulant that activates the neurotransmitter do... ... middle of paper ... ...ld it be prescribed at all crosses the minds of many psychologists and doctors alike, due to the medicine being so controversial and the long-term effects not known. Also, Ritalin is not a cure for the disease ADHD, and alternative methods to treating the illness is becoming more of a likelihood. Children and adults with ADHD often benefit greater from counselor or behavior therapy versus the drugs prescribed. Now that the abuse trends at colleges across the countries are beginning to be recognized, the stopping of the manufacturing of the drug is in question. Generation Y college students across the country have begun a new epidemic to help them control their challenging work, at what seems to be a few dollars a pill. However, with research inconclusive to the real long-term effects, the question remains what will come of this generation in years to follow.
ADHD is believed to be caused by abnormalities in the dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain (Berne 4). The symptoms of ADHD include inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity that are inappropriate for a person's age level. In other words, the patient’s brain is like a light constantly going off and on at the worst possible times. Although there is no cure for ADHD, treatment can help control symptoms. Stimulant therapy is the most commonly used type of treatment. These drugs improve ADHD symptoms in 70 percent of adults and 70-80 percent of children shortly after starting treatment (ADHD 3). Adderall RX, or its formal name of Methylphenidate, is the most common form of treatment for ADHD. In an article by Dr. Phillip W. Long, he states that, “The mode of action in man is not completely understood, but meth...
According to the CDC, FAS is the leading cause of preventable developmental disabilities and birth defects. It is not known how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders or FASD of which fetal alcohol syndrome is the most prevalent of the spectrum of disorders. CDC studies have identified 0.2 to 1.5 infants are born with FAS per 1000 live births, (this rate is comparable or higher than rates for other disorders such as Spina Bifida and Down syndrome) another study found FAS in 0.3 out of 1000 children aged 7 to 9 years. The Minnesota Department of Health states that because not all children exhibit facial characteristics, it is under diagnosed and up to 20% of children have been exposed prenatally to alcohol. Epidemiologic studies
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most widely diagnosed “mental-illness” in children in the United States today, and approximately 99% of children diagnosed are prescribed daily doses of methylphenidate in order to control undesirable behaviors. (Stolzer)
Ritalin has become the most prescribed drug for people with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An abundance of media coverage brought Ritalin to the attention of parents, educat...
Harding, Karen. 2003. “Outcome-Based Comparison of Ritalin versus Food Supplement Treated with ADHD”. Alternative Medicine Review, 8(3), 319-330.
FASD is not a clinical diagnosis, as stated before; it is an umbrella term for the range of disorders that are a result from alcohol exposure in the womb. The different disorders are Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), and Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) and Alcohol-related Birth Defects (ARBD). Another term used in some sources is Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE); this term came about when researchers noticed that there were individuals that showed some signs of FAS but not all.
Another growing fad in the United States is the abuse of prescription drugs. The abuse is being done by not only adults but by teens. The most current trend today is the misuse of cough syrups and prescription medications to produce a “high.” Other medications abused today are stimulants (Ritalin), and benzodiazepines (Xanax). Health Watch (2004) state girls tend to lean towards the medi...
Multiple studies have found that FAS is the single most common cause of mental retardation that is completely preventable. When alcohol is consumed during pregnancy it acts as a teratogen, which means it is a substance that interferes with growth and development, and is capable of causing birth defects such as hearing loss, vision loss, reduced cognitive ability, and motor skill deficiencies. Flattened mid-face, short nose and a thinner upper lip are also common physical abnormalities (Tangient LLC, 2014). When consumed, alcohol from the mother’s bloodstream crosses easily into the fetal bloodstream. Because of their size, the unborn baby has a lower capability to metabolize the alcohol, thus it remains in its system for a longer period of time and can result in...
In 2004, the term “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders” was agreed upon by a group of national experts to be used as an umbrella term to encompass all the disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. When signs of brain damage appear following fetal alcohol exposure in the absence of other indications of FAS, the conditio...
According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women and putting up more informational posters and warning labels on products.
FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1,000 live births (Ismail, Buckley, Budacki, Jabbar, & Gallicano, 2010) and as many as 40,000 infants born with some sort of disorder or complication related to alcohol consumption every year. (Mayo Clinic, 2009)
Prenatal alcohol exposure has become a serious problem not only in our country, but also all around the world. It is affecting the future generations of this planet and their health. The public needs to be well informed on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and how to prevent it from happening. By doing this, it will save our people billions of dollars as a whole and will stop abnormalities in the people. FAS and FASD are malformations that don’t need to happen and can be prevented so easily. If only the people knew the severity of the consequences to their actions.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder that causes physical, mental, and learning problems. FAS is caused by drinking of alcohol during pregnancy when the baby is exposed to alcohol in the womb.
A pregnant woman's lifestyle ultimately affects the development of her baby. Excessive exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can inflict serious, permanent physical and mental damage on her child. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol she is making her child drink also. In knowing how Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and who and what make up the risk factors fetal alcohol syndrome can be better understood.
ADHD can be treated in a couple of different ways. ADHD is a disorder that can not be cured. Symptoms of ADHD are controlled with medications, various types of psychotherapy, education or training, or a combination of treatments. With one of these treatments or a mixture of treatments people with ADHD can learn to be successful in school or the work environment and have productive lives.