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British and new imperialism in Africa
British and new imperialism in Africa
British and new imperialism in Africa
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How did Rhodesia transition into Zimbabwe during the years of 1965-1979 ? Throughout the twentieth century, Rhodesia from 1960’s to the late 1970’s have always been in a struggle to fight for their independence. They had to deal with the British colonist that settled into their land and had taken over control of the country for the past couple of years. Due to the decolonisation of African countries after the second world war it gave many influences and reasons for Rhodesia to search to become an independent country. That all changed when they fully receive their independence in 1980 and during that time they fought for the control of their country, Rhodesia. The name was later changed to Zimbabwe due to a revolutionary struggle they had in their country. The battle to govern Rhodesia and also by the agreement of the Internal Settlement between the fighting forces to find and create peace The Revolutionary Struggle in Rhodesia occurred in order to become its own independent nation. They first started by getting rid of the white majority rule and replacing it with the black majority rule. This was very important for the Rhodesians because they were tired of the White British colonists that just took over their land and began acting like it was their land. During this time the people of Rhodesian finally realized that they wanted to gain their own independence and also retrieve their land back. Therefore, a rebellion rose up in Rhodesia against the British because the blacks were feeling unequal and there was a lot of racism between the two races. This hatred and racism between the British and the Rhodesians in the country led to guerilla warfare. For example, “ in the middle of the 1960’s the blacks would attack the colonists... ... middle of paper ... ...ocess changes the name of Rhodesia to Zimbabwe. Rhodesia transitioned to Zimbabwe between the years of 1965-1979. After a brutal 15 years of fighting for the right to govern and to gain full power. The black majority gained its rule. They made this happen because collectively as a nation, the black majority of Rhodesia decided to all come together and help fight off the British Colonialist that had taken their land. They fought for the rule of the government of Rhodesia and got rid of Ian Smith and his Rhodesian Government and had the ZANU-PF take control. Furthermore, Robert Mugabe became the new president of the country and led to making the Nation stronger than ever before. That stable point in their government enabled them to rule their people and lock their interests internally helping Rhodesia transition into the country it is now known as, Zimbabwe.
Images of whiteness in Zimbabwe projected in the media have been of white population as victims being disposed of land and exposed to violence. In the award-winning documentary, Mugabe and the White African, the film focuses on white Zimbabwean family who challenges the Fast Track land redistribution program. David McDermott Hughes’ interprets the perspectives of land and landscape and its origins. In Whiteness in Zimbabwe, David McDermott Hughes principal argument is that European settlers identified themselves with the African landscape rather than with the social characteristics of the native Africans. The importance of landscape to white identity led to the engineering and structural development of the landscape. Hughes contends that the white colonizers used the land, nature and ecology to escape the social problems, to avoid ‘the other’ which in this case was the black Zimbabweans that were sharing the same living space. Through such landscape engineering, the white Zimbabweans believed that they would belong to Zimbabwe and Africa. However, Hugh argues that “by writing themselves to single-mindedly into the landscape, many whites wrote themselves out of society (p. 25).” Furthermore, Hughes argues that this was not a form of racism, but rather escaping the social surrounding to avoid conflict. This concept has led to Hughes to wanting to stop romanticizing of land in order to avoid social issues.
The rise of African resistance towards colonial rule came around the close of World War II, although there were many different reasons and forms of resistance it eventually lead to the decolonization of Africa. Around this time national parties began to resurface, to put forth efforts to create peaceful tactics to end the colonial rule. Europeans never took them seriously because of the methods they used, one of these organizations would be the African National Congress (ANC), who believed in nonviolence resistances. In 1952, the ANC formed a peaceful protest called the "Defiance Campaign" this was to fight the injustice laws of forced segregat...
Rolihlahla Mandela also known as Nelson Mandela is an illustrious politician and a really good role model to everyone. He stood up to racism without using racism or violence. Nelson is also a symbol of global peacemaking and accomplished many things during his lifetime. Nelson Mandela is a VERY inspirational man. Even though the beginning of his life wasn’t as great as most people, he went through all those tough times without giving up.
Uganda is a nation located in Southern Mid-Africa, and is ruled by Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni. The LRA, also known as the Lord’s Resistance army, is a rebel group active in Uganda and the countries around it and was originally created by the woman Alice Lakwena (Lakwena). The group was known as the Holy Spirit Movement then and was mainly created, because Lakwena stated that she had a dream where the Holy Spirit told her to overthrow the Ugandan government, whom were mistreating the Acholi people in Uganda at the time. The movement gained much support and when the Ugandan government won a battle between the movement and itself Lakwena was exiled. This was when Joseph Kony (Kony), stepped in saying he was Lakwena’s cousin and that he was taking over. Kony renamed the movement the LRA, but due to particularly violent tactics many people began to leave the LRA and it was rapidly losing support. This then led the LRA to start using child soldiering, and raid many villages and kill or mutilate many people. Despite what some people believe, the LRA is still a deadly group that uses child soldiering, and human trafficking and continues to threaten Uganda and its neighbors today.
Apartheid, the strict division between white and colored people, for South Africans has always been a big issue. The man who stopped difficult ways of life for people and communities in South Africa was also their president, Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela was a man who put his life on the line to bring people together. He was involved with organizations that would eventually help to end apartheid throughout his life and lead countless amounts of peaceful acts that put an end to this divide. Mandela was even arrested for what he was trying to accomplish. It was difficult, but once he was released from prison, he finished what he and many others had started, he put a stop to apartheid. Nelson Mandela caused for apartheid to be abolished in South Africa today because he was peaceful, patient, and treated all people with respect.
Africa in all its existence to Europe has relied on others to decide what’s best for them. Africa is now in a Western style mode. This does not mean it should be there but it is now. The government has to start taking advantage of today’s capitalist economy. Money tends to keep people of all nations happier. With money everyone is guaranteed food, a home and a better chance at democracy.
...errilla attacks and stage strikes in order to appeal to the UN, and after a while it worked, but it took about five years for the international community to recognize the FLN was the legitimate rulers of the state. This was mostly because they staged attacks on civilians as well as their French oppressors, so both sides were at fault. The ANC realized that they could mobilize and use those who were exiled from South Africa to raise awareness of the apartheid state, and thus used culture and song to portray the events to an international audience. Each group was ultimately successful in their movements, and their pleas to the international community never fell on deaf ears. Thus, while the FLN and ANC took completely different routes, they were both able to garner attention to their respective movements, which helped both groups get on the path towards independence.
...tution and a new democratic government by the end of 1990. The change of the government was a big transformation that needed a lot of work. As some political analyst said, “that trying to move from apartheid to democracy was like changing the engines of a Boeing 747 in mid-air.”
South Africa has a long history with europe, the Dutch, Portuguese, and finally the British have controlled this land. The country is home to many different groups, from white to black. South Africa is a new country, liberated by the british in 1934. Its history has been dominated by white power and ignorance. When the british left in 1934, The White South Africans were placed in power puting in Apartheid. They separated blacks from whites and oppressed the african people. Many movements started the most famous being lead by a man named Nelson Mandela. Mandela was inspired by the peaceful protest of Mohandas Gandhi and implemented many of his teachings, to one day become south africa’s first black president.
We must first take a look at Zambia’s past to understand the current situation. Up until the mid-eighteen hundreds, few people other than portuguese explorers and traders had ever set foot on Zambian soil. But starting around 1880s, British commercial and political leaders began becoming interested in Central Africa, and many went to seek mineral mining rights from local chieftains. In the same time period, Northern and Southern Rhodesia (modern Zambia and Zimbabwe) became seen as a British territory. Southern Rhodesia was annexed formally and was given the right to self govern in 1923. The governing of Northern Rhodesia was transferred to British colonial offices in 1924. In 1953, entered into a federation with Nyasaland (Malawi) and this caused a lot of internal turmoil as Africans struggled with the white government to gain more independence/involvement in their government. The British feared that they would lose control of the territory if they gave in.
The process of decolonization in Africa during the 1950’s through the 1970’s was a very smart yet risky idea. For some places independence was easily gained yet in other areas it was a battle. During the time periods where colonization existed, Africa was peaceful and kept things in order. People had control over their specific locations and there were no questions to be asked. Once it was decided to remove these rights, things got out of hand rather quickly. Violence was a main occurrence during the decolonization timeframe because rules, rights, leaderships, etc. got altered and drastically changed. Sometimes nonviolence was used but it usually wasn’t as effective. A major example of using nonviolence actions to gain independence is when Gandhi protested in India. African leaders have tried very hard to lessen the influence of Western powers and the broader international community but they’ve never been completely successful because they continuously needed support in state building, economic development, and public health initiatives.
to be a kingdom before Germany started to occupy the region. Both of the Kingdom
To fully understand Zimbabwe’s current situation, and the rule of Robert Mugabe and ZANU-PF, it is important to first outline their rise to power. Zimbabwe’s independence came fairly late in relation to most other African nations. Furthermore, the current iteration of Zimbabwe won its independence through armed struggle. These two factors are the result of a somewhat unique situation in Zimbabwe’s colonial history. By the late 19th century what is now Zimbabwe came under the control of Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Country. When Rhodes obtained concession over valuable mining areas from the locals he was granted a Royal Charter by the United Kingdom to incorporate all of the territory that now makes up Zambia, Zimbabwe, and parts of Mozambique into the British colony of Rhodesia. Later, the territory south of the Zambezi River would become known as Southern Rhodesia, while the territory north of the Zambezi became Northern Rhodesia.
South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940's, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, a plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression.
In the 1960s the armed resistance began. Part of the ANC separated and became PAC they started many more armed protests. Many people were killed and a lot of violence was used against the people by the government. Then a stand still was reached neither side could force into submission. Then a new president was elected. He changed and unbanned many groups and people. Of those people Nelson Mandela was released and a few years later became president. He started negotiating with parties and groups on plans to build a new South Africa.