INTRODUCTION
For the human body to move swiftly with deliberate and smooth actions, it makes use of synovial fluid within joints. However, rheumatoid arthritis hinders the movement of the body and cause several other debilitating factors such as pain and (near) permanent disability. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is primarily a persistent autoimmune disease which affects synovial joints of the human body. According to Emery (2006), he finds that this is a “long term . . . chronic disease that spreads from joint to joint” (p. 152). Furthermore, it is a disease which primarily assaults the body's immune system by inflaming the synovial joints. The joint tissue is damaged by inflammation of the joint lining causing pain to the patient. Aletaha et
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2570). His explanation can be used to show that in extreme causes, RA may lead to deformation of the synovial joint. As Aletaha points out, such a severe disability endangers the life of the patient. Aletaha et al. notes that researchers and medical professionals in the last decade have made some improvements with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and they sufficiently have helped with RA management (p. 2571). Moreover, as “early therapeutic intervention” such as DMARDs has been recognized that helps on the “[improvement] of the clinical outcome [by] reducing accrual of joint damage and disability” (pg. 2571). These recent discoveries have helped cases in the first stages of rheumatoid arthritis. However, for more advanced cases in which evolution of joint destruction is presented, is not an practical yet, because there are no validated criteria to classify a patient with early and effective intervention for this disease (Aletaha et al., p. 2571). Many researchers such as Emery and …show more content…
722). Maradit-Kremers et al. (2005) revealed that their study was “to determine whether markers of systemic inflammation and indicators of RA disease severity confer any additional risk for cardiovascular death” (pg, 723). In other words, their study presents that RA results as a factor of certain health diseases such as cardiovascular death.
Symptoms.
Symptoms of this disease start very simple. Joint pain and stiffness, Inflammation,
Knobby Swelling at the joint site, Grinding or cracking noises at joint site during movement. And a decrease at joint function. Pathology.
Inflammation of tendon sheaths also contributes to RA pathology. According to the John Hopkins RA cytokines are released in the synovial and have autocrine(activates the same cell), paracrine (activates nearby cells), and endocrine (acting at distant sites) effects for systemic manifestations of disease. The behavior of this disease includes a painful route. According to the J Pain Symptom Manage (2009) the company did some study in which they divided people into two groups. Then they filmed the person and record their expressions. They discovered that there are six ways of
Tendinopathy is a generic description that encompasses many pathologies of clinical conditions arising from chronic overuse in and around the tendon such as ruptures/tendinitis, tendinosis and paratendinitis, which can only be classified post histopathological examination (Maffulli, Sharma, & Luscombe, 2004; Khan, Cook, Bonar, Harcourt, & Astrom, 1999). There has been a shift to replace the pathological term ‘tendinitis’ with ‘tendinosis’ as increasing research fails to detect the presence of prostaglandin mediated inflammatory cell infiltration within the pathological tendon (Khan, Cook, & Kannus, 2002; Khan et al. 1999). Achilles tendinosis pathology is now attributed to a failure of the cell matrix to adapt to repetitive trauma. With fiber disorientation, ...
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017). This disease affects the entire body, which is called a systemic (means entire body) disease. Arthritis is derived from the word part arthr-, which means “joint,” and -itis, which means “inflammation,” so altogether it means “inflammation of the joints.” It creates inflammation that causes the tissue that lines the inside of joints (synovium) to thicken. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. are affected. It affects all races, but it affects three times as many women than men (What is Rheumatoid Arthritis, n.d.). Overtime, rheumatoid arthritis causes painful swelling that can potentially result in bone erosion or joint deformity, which leads up to physical disabilities. RA can affect more than just your joints, but can spread to body systems, skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood vessels, e.t.c (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017).
Ytterberg, S.R., Mahowald, M.L. & Krug, H.E.(1994) “Exercise for arthritis”, BailliOre' s Clinical Rheumatology, 8(1), pp. 161-189. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950357905802304 (Accessed: 13th May 2014).
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition that primarily affects the hands, spine and the ankles and hips. It is known to be associated with aging, and is concerned with the cartilage that protects the joints (the meeting place of two bones). Normal cartilage allows for bones to slide over each other uniformly, acting as a shock absorber to any damage. However cartilage in osteoarthritis, located at the ends of the bones erodes and deteriorates, causing friction and hence pain, swelling and restricted movement. Therefore in osteoarthritic both the composition and appearance of the cartilage alters, while the body attempts to repair this damaged cartilage is broken down faster than it can be built up. A defective repair process can cause bone overgrowth, bone spur/osteocytes to form which can be seen at the ends of the joints. In osteoarthritis the bones come in close contact with each other, and wear away leaving the bone exposed and unprotected.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting more than 27 million Americans (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). It is caused when the cartilage in the joints breaks down, causing the bones of the joint to rub against one another. This causes pain, stiffness, and loss of motion in the joint. Osteoarthritis is most prevalent in those 65 and older, but can affect those of any age. In addition, African Americans and Hispanics report a higher incidence of arthritis than Caucasians (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). Although the cause is unknown, it is believed that the increasing age of the population, prevalence of obesity and injuries add to the progression of the condition. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body; however, those of the hand, hip, and knee are often the most common. This condition may be asymptomatic, or may present symptoms including soreness, stiffness and pain. The symptoms are more common in the older population, those with limited activity levels, and those who are obese. Joint cartilage thins over time, causing an increased risk for symptoms in the elderly, and obesity puts extra pressure on the joints during activity. Osteoarthritis is commonly diagnosed with the use of a physical assessment along with results of radiology testing such as X-Ray and MRI.
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
Rheumatoid Arthritis is when the joints are chronically inflamed, which happens because it is an autoimmune disease which means that the immune system attacks the body tissues. Although Rheumatoid Arthritis mainly affects the joints, it can also affect other organs.
Bibliography: Arthritis Foundation, Understanding Arthritis (1986); Kelley, William N., et al., eds., Textbook of Rheumatology, 2d ed., (1985); McCarty, Daniel F., ed., Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 11th ed. (1988); Moll, J. M. H., Rheumatology in Clinical Practice (1987).
One of the leading causes of death in the United States is heart disease. “Approximately every 29 seconds one American will have a heart attack, and once a minute one American will die from a heart attack” (Ford-Martin and Odle, 915). According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine men over the age of 45 and women over the age of 55 are considered at risk for heart disease. Heart disease is a major cause of death. It is beneficial to individuals who seek to prevent heart disease to recognize the risks leading to heart attacks as they are one of the primary indications of developing heart disease; especially those that fall into the at risk age groups. These risks consist of some that cannot be changed such as heredity risks, or those that can change such as smoking habits. It is very important to know these specific risks for prevention and to understand the symptoms of heart attacks, such as sweating or the feeling of weakness so if these or other symptoms occur people are aware. Finally heart disease treatment is of vital importance if you experience a heart attack so you can learn how to prevent another one from occurring.
Balta, D. M. D. (2009). The TMJ: How can Such a Small Joint Cause so Much Trouble?, [Online]. Available: http://www.drbalta.com/tmj.htm [11/12/14].
Tendon disorders and injuries comprise 30% to 50% of all activity-related injuries; chronic degenerative tendon disorders (tendinopathy) occur frequently and are difficult to treat (Vos 144). What PRP does is release the growth factor into the degenerative tendons while intentionally inflaming your muscles and tendons, to encourage healing. In an experiment conducted by Doctor Vos and his colleagues, they examined whether a PRP injection would actually improve the outcome in chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. The control group was given a placebo while the others were given the PRP injections. At the conclusio...
What is Arthritis? Arthritis is inflammation of a joint bringing such symptoms as chronic joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. The Arthritis Society states that approximately 4.6 million Canadians are currently living with arthritis; by 2036 this number will increase to 7.5 million (1 in 5). Health care costs and loss of productivity amount to $33 billion, by the year 2031 this number is expected to double. (The Arthritis Society, 2014). According to Aging in Contemporary Canada, arthritis and rheumatism is the most common chronic health problem of Canadian seniors affecting 47%. (Chappell, McDonald, & Stones, 2008, p. 221). With over 100 types of arthritis varying from mild to severe the most common age related form is osteoarthritis (OA) affecting 1 in 10 Canadians. Approximately 13% of Canadians suffer with OA. Joint damage from OA accounts for 80% of hip replacement surgery and over 90% of knee replacement surgeries. (The Arthritis Society, 2014). Severe cases of OA can restrict the ability to participate in activities and consequently affect a person’s quality of life. At this time there is no cure for OA without a joint replacement. Although OA can affect all ages the purpose of this paper is to focus on the impact this disorder has on the daily activities and functioning on the aging population. Discussion will also highlight the origin and manifestations of this disorder and will examine current and future treatment options available.
Arthritis occurs when the body incorrectly identifies its own tissue as foreign matter and attacks it. Arthritis includes a set of more than eighty autoimmune diseases. Arthritis attacks connective tissues and joints. It causes stiffness, pain, inflammation, and swelling of the joints. Some kinds are crippling, but rarely leads to death. There are many different kinds of arthritis, the main ones being Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis; others include gout and ankylosing spodylitis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic progressive inflammatory auto-immune disease which causes damage to the muscles, making it harder to use the fingers, feet, wrists and/or ankles. In a shorter definition, rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive disease that causes muscle loss. Women between the ages of 40-60 years old are more susceptible to this disease but anyone can develop symptoms. Strength training enhances muscle strength and functional capacity as well as prevents further reduction of bone density. In a “recent Cochrane review of exercise therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis, it was concluded that long-term dynamic exercise is effective in increasing aerobic capacity and/ or muscle strength.” There is another recent study by Lemmey of a 24-week high-intensity strength training program that was effective in restoring lean muscle mass and physical functions in people with rheumatoid arthritis. However, these results ended up coinciding with results from a different study by Rall, which states “progressive strength training failed to augment fat-free mass in patients with RA.” Because of these conflicting results, the true answer is