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Issues of ethics in research problems
Paper benefits of breastfeeding mother
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Research method
To gain my secondary information I used such sources as the Internet, books and midwifery journals. My secondary information will consist of the benefits of breast-feeding for the mother and baby, the benefits of bottle-feeding for the mother and baby as well as statistics on breast-feeding. All information that I have gained for my secondary data is all reliable, because it has come from recommended sites, books and journals that have been approved from the Government or from hospitals and doctors themselves.
There are many research methods used to gain information, but it is important to use the right one to ensure that you get the best results possible.
One method that is used is experiment; this is where you play an active part in an experiment over a period of time. The advantages of this are that it is a powerful research method and that it establishes a cause and an effect and it can be replicated easily. The disadvantages are that it can take a lot of time, it is difficult to find willing participants and there is a bigger risk of human error. I chose not to use this as my research method, because to do an experiment to would take anything from 2-6 months, which is time I do not have. It could also be classed as being intrusive watching a mother breast feed, which may be a big ethical problem, and because of that it will be hard to find willing participants.
Another method of research is direct observation; this is where you are in a setting and you observe what is going on and you do not partake init. There are many good advantages to direct observing, such as, it enables you to see and hear everything that is going on, it can be easy to record, and you do not have a physical effect on the observation. The disadvantages are it can be very time consuming, your presence may have a physiological effect on the people/person being observed and you do not get reliable information. It is hard to get valid results because it is hard to replicate and different people may interrupt things differently to yourself. I did not chose this method because it would be hard and time consuming to get people’s permission to observe them this may be due to ethical issues surrounding my chosen topic. People may feel it is wrong to observe a mother breast-feeding her baby.
Participant observation is another of the research methods used, this is where you...
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...tionnaires will be left on show at the entrance of the ward for people to pick up. A box will be left in the staff room where the finished questionnaires will be kept until I pick them up. Hopefully by handing out questionnaires and leaving them for people to take I will get a big response rate and it will be very generalised.
While conducting my research I will have to consider certain ethical issues, such as confidentiality. Every questionnaire will have a note highlighted on it explaining that every questionnaire that is filled in is kept completely confidential, hopefully by stating this fact it will reassure people to fill one in. I also have to be sensitive to people’s feelings and beliefs, and to ensure that I do not offend anyone. I will have to show that I understand that my topic area can be a sensitive topic for people to talk about or read about, I can do this by not forcing people to do my questionnaire if they feel it is not something they want to participate in. It is important that I stay non-judgemental, as this may affect people’s answers or may affect the participation
Bibliography
Aspects of reserach, S.D Smith, 2003, Pecan
How to!, K.T Haper, 2000, Lonsdale
The first method I will look at is the rt method which is built upon collected data from surveys etc. Its main plus points being that it uses a much larger sample than the other methods because it takes less time to collate the results. It is also useful because it allows for further research to be added - it can be updated. There are a number of problems with this. The subjects may not feel comfortable and could answer just to please the experimenter. A big problem with the method is that it does not give enough range for the subject. They are restricted within the boundaries of the tick boxes. The researcher can only learn so much.
After reading “The Wire Mother Experiment” article, the two main research methods I can identify are observation and experimental methods. The strengths of the experimental method Harlow carried out are they are accurate and possess internal validity, due to the fact that they were carried out in a controlled environment. The lab...
The scientific method is how psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. It is used by all scientists. The experimental method is the one way to engage the scientific method, and the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships. It is summarized in five steps, observing some phenomenon in the world, forming a hypothesis which is an educated prediction about relationships between two or more variables, examining the gathered information by using empirical research, determining what the results are and drawing them, and evaluating the results whether it will support the hypothesis or not. Researchers, at the end, submit their work for publication for all to see and read (King, 2016). There are three types of psychological research in the scientific method, descriptive research, correlation, and experimental research (King, 2016). The article The Effects of Negative Body Talk in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of College Students (Katrevich, Register, & Aruguete, 2014) is an example of the experimental method.
Nutrition and breastfeeding are subjects that can relate greatly to each other. New mothers are in a need of information regarding breastfeeding. Mothers receive the information and instructions on how to breastfeed at the hospital where they bear their children. That information is essential in the decision making process of whether to breastfeed or not. Still the clear choice for mothers everywhere is breastfeeding for several important life affecting reasons. Breast milk is highly nutritional, protects from various diseases, ideal in growth, promotes bonding, and is beneficial for the mother in a recovery process after labor.
Depending on the resources available to the researcher, they can choose a variety ways to conduct the research. It also gives the researcher a first person view of how the animal is behaving, without having to watch it in a video or read another persons account. Observational research also goes along well with other forms of research, giving the researcher another perspective to look at. There are disadvantages in observational research as well. Observational research is very time consuming and also requires copious amounts of resources. The research will always be limited by the amount of resources that are required to complete it. Observer bias and observer effect can also be disadvantages. If the researcher reports information that they wanted to see or thought they saw, that would render the research an unreliable source. Also, if the researcher’s presence affects the animal’s behavior, then the observation would not be accurate, and again, the research would be
The literature reviews were collected from several accredited sources. “The CINAHL and Medline databases were searched for English articles using the keywords breastfeeding and effective, adequate, or successful” (Mulder, 2006, p. 333). The essential attributes were extracted, and defined, from the various literature reviews. Then the attributes were placed into three model cases. The cases consisted of a supporting, borderline, and a contrary case. The model cases po...
Naturalistic observation is a method that is used to collect behavioral data in real life situations. The researcher needs to be careful not to interfere with the natural setting. Data can be gathered by observing from a distance without making the subject aware that he/she is been observed. The researcher can also join the setting and became a part of it so as to gain the trust of the subjects. As a result the subjects will behave normally. The observation may be direct or indirect. In the direct method the researcher is present in the setting but in the indirect method other means such as video recordings are used. Indirect method allows the observer to capture activities that would easily be unnoticed. Direct method on the other hand allows the observer to focus on particular areas of interest.
Journal Entry – Breast Feeding vs. Bottle Feeding Breast-Feeding Advantages: Many women are faced with the dilemma to breast or bottle feed their infant. There are dilemmas in which our natural awareness is completely misunderstood as being a disrespectful act of indecent exposure, when in fact it’s one of the most natural acts in the world today. According to a few authors Labbok, Hausman, and Smith book Beyond Health, Beyond Choice: Breastfeeding Constraints and Realities “At various points in life, every person needs care from another person—a caregiver”. (pg. 123).
This essay is going to critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using surveys and questionnaires as a method of Socio-Legal research. When conducting socio-legal research, a number of methods can be used to collect useful information.
There are certain principles one must follow when conducting a naturalistic research. One, you must collect all accounts of information through observing the subject, timing is important, so that must be recorded. Record all subjects at the exact interlude of time, exact recording of occurrence, gives you an idea of what might happen next with the subject. Take notes. Recording can be done with a camcorder for later analyzing the subject and making reports.
Once the problem has been determined, the literature has been reviewed and a hypothesis has been composed, the next step in the scientific method is to select a research design to help formulate a conclusion which would hopefully lead into further clarification, ideas and research. There are various methods that can be used during the research design to help collect data. It is crucial to determine which may best fit your study. There are four types of methods to help obtain data: Surveys, Observation, Experiments and External Sources.
In this paper, I will define quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide examples in the context of social issues which will hopefully provide insight into how this methods are properly applied.
Mother is considering breast feeding as an option, but is unsure of methods and benefits in comparison to bottle feeding. Is unsure about herself and whether or not she will be able to perform necessary tasks required to breast feed successfully.
In conclusion, this paper looked at the six general tools of research and it also described the methods of how each could be used. These methods may act independent of each other or may work simultaneously with each other. However they may be used, they all act as necessary tools when executing the research process.
To achieve the research objectives the process of research must be carried out by certain principles and to use appropriate methods. It is very important that the methods used to obtain the desired results, and this starts to clearly define the objectives and what we need to know, and also by choosing the methods and tools to help us and to ease the process. (Kumar, 2008)