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Negative impacts of gentrification on the economy
Negative impacts of gentrification on the economy
Effects of gentrification on the economy
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Bibliography DiPasquale, Denise. “Rental Housing: Current Market Conditions and the Role of Federal Policy.” Cityscape Vol. 13, No. 2, US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2011): 57-70. Denise Dipasquale’s article opens up with an introduction to the condition of America’s housing market. She explains that the rental housing market was put into a difficult situation along with the foreclosure crisis. Denise Dipasquale highlights some of the hardships faced by the rental housing market, such as rising vacancy rates and lower renter income. She argues that “the largest issue facing rental housing is the credit crisis and its implications for the multifamily mortgage market” (65). To support her argument, Dipasquale uses government …show more content…
studies and other journal articles. Downs, Anthony. “The Impact of Housing Policies on Family Life in the United States since World War II.” Daedalus Vol. 106, No. 2, MIT Press (Spring 1977): 163-180. In his article, Anthony Downs argues against myths he believes to be widely accepted about the effectiveness of housing and urban policy. Downs believes that although the policies had costs that affected those who did not receive the benefits, the housing policies cannot be considered a failure. He also believes, contrary to the beliefs of those profiting from the policies, that it is not entirely the fault of the urban poor for their poverty. Downs emphasizes that creating one single housing plan is impossible. To support his arguments, Anthony Downs uses census data, housing surveys, and other journal articles. Dwyer, Rachel E. “Cohort Succession in the US Housing Market: New Houses, the Baby Boom, and Income Stratification.” Population Research and Policy Review Vol. 27, No. 2, Springer (April 2008): 161-181. This article focuses on changes in the housing stock in the postwar period. Rachel Dwyer argues that the change to larger houses with more amenities changed the buyers to more affluent families creating and inequality among the buyers. She relates this transition to structural changes, both taking place around 1980. Rachel Dwyer uses books, including “Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened” by Braxandall and Ewen, other articles, and census data to support her argument. Jackson, Kenneth T. “Federal Subsidy and the Suburban Dream: The First Quarter-Century of Government Intervention in the Housing Market.” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Vol. 50, The Historical Society of Washington, D.C. (1980): 421-451. Kenneth Jackson’s article tells of the steps the American government took to avoid government housing by enacting programs to help poorer families achieve home ownership. Jackson argues that while programs such as the Federal Housing Administration and the Veterans Administration were effective in helping families achieve home ownership, they caused a decay in inner-city neighborhoods (428). Kenneth Jackson uses other journal articles, court rulings, FHA reports and other government reports to support his argument. Larco, Nico. “Suburbia Shifted: Overlooked Trends and Opportunities in Suburban Multifamily Housing.” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research Vol. 27, No. 1, Locke Science Publishing Company, Inc. (Spring 2010): 69-87. In his article, Nico Larco argues that multifamily suburban housing is a growing trend worthy of recognition, especially from policy makers. Larco notes that suburban multifamily housing has experienced more growth than suburban single-family housing from 1970 to 2005. Because of its growth, Larco asserts that opposition to multifamily housing must come to an end. To support his argument, Larco uses books, other journal articles, and census data. Margo, Robert A. “The Rental Price of Housing in New York City, 1830-1860.” The Journal of Economic History Vol. 56, No. 3, Cambridge University Press (September 1996): 605-625. In his article, Robert Margo attempts to draw his argument from a way he thinks has never been done before: by using advertisements to estimate the rental costs in antebellum New York. He argues that the advertisements are an effective way of assessing the rental prices. These advertisements give him insight on how location affects rental prices. Margo is also able to determine an increase in rental price relative to other goods through the use of the advertisements. In addition to the advertisements, Robert Margo uses statistics and other journal articles to support his argument. Mohl, Raymond A. “Race and Housing in the Postwar City: An Explosive History.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Vol. 94, No. 1, University of Illinois Press (Spring 2001): 8-30. Raymond Mohl’s article is about how race impacted the housing market during America’s postwar period.
His argument is that racial tensions and discriminatory practices kept blacks and whites separated. Mohl highlights the national phenomenon of whites moving to suburbs and blacks moving to cities. He also mentions that most cities had a housing market for blacks and a housing market for whites. In the second half of the article, he argues that an attempt to cross the race line by blacks was often met with violence. To support his arguments, Raymond Mohl uses other journal articles and statistics on housing and …show more content…
violence. Mohl, Raymond A. “Whitening Miami: Race, Housing, and Government Policy in Twentieth-Century Dade County.” The Florida Historical Quarterly Vol. 79, No. 3, Florida Historical Society (Winter 2001): 319-345. In his article, Raymond Mohl argues that federal policy regarding public housing encouraged residential segregation, and whites were willing to use it to their advantage.
Mohl found that federal officials were not willing to challenge local customs and laws, leaving black housing projects in black neighborhoods and white housing projects in white neighborhoods. The white leaders of Dade County were planning on moving a black neighborhood to expand the business district. Although the plans were never sought through, Mohl feels this is important because it gives insight into future policies of Dade County. Raymond Mohl uses Miami newspapers, other journal articles, and Dade County records to support his argument. Reassessing Rent Control: Its Economic Impact in a Gentrifying Housing Market. (1988). Harvard Law Review, Vol. 101, No. 8, Harvard Law Review Association (June 1988): 1835-1855. The author of Reassessing Rent Control focuses on the gentrification of the housing market and argues against the common claim that rent control is inefficient and counterproductive. To support his claim, he first describes gentrification and its effect on the housing market. Then he proposes elements to make an effective rent control ordinance. Lastly, he supports his proposal by describing how it will operate in a gentrifying market. The author uses other journal articles, books, and housing studies to support his
claim. Wiese, Andrew. “Black Housing, White Finance: African American Housing and Home Ownership in Evanston, Illinois, before 1940.” Journal of Social History Vol. 33, No. 2, Oxford University Press (Winter 1999): 429-460. Noting the lack of information available on black suburbanization before World War II, Andrew Wiese argues that black suburbanites were important to the Great Migration. To support his argument, Wiese does a case study of Evanston, Illinois. This suburb, according to Wiese, experienced its black population growth due to racial segregation and that fact that elite whites were willing to help black suburbanization so long as they stay segregated. Andrew Wiese uses other journal articles, books, and census data to support his argument.
“Gentrification is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district's character and culture.” (Grant) In layman’s terms, gentrification is when white people move to a black neighborhood for the sake of cheaper living, and in turn, raise up property values and force black neighbors to leave because of a higher price of living. Commonly, the government supports gentrification with the demolition of public housing in areas that are developing with more white neighbors. This is causing a decreasing amount of African Americans to be able to afford to live in the neighborhood as their homes are taken away from them, forcing them to relocate. Whilst gentrification normally has negative connotations, there are several people who believe gentrification brings about “an upward trend in property values in previously neglected neighborhoods.” (Jerzyk) On the other hand, this new trend in property value and business causes those...
Another noteworthy urban sociologist that’s invested significant research and time into gentrification is Saskia Sassen, among other topical analysis including globalization. “Gentrification was initially understood as the rehabilitation of decaying and low-income housing by middle-class outsiders in central cities. In the late 1970s a broader conceptualization of the process began to emerge, and by the early 1980s new scholarship had developed a far broader meaning of gentrification, linking it with processes of spatial, economic and social restructuring.” (Sassen 1991: 255). This account is an extract from an influential book that extended beyond the field of gentrification and summarizes its basis proficiently. In more recent and localized media, the release the documentary-film ‘In Jackson Heights’ portrayed the devastation that gentrification is causing as it plagues through Jackson Heights, Queens. One of the local businessmen interviewed is shop owner Don Tobon, stating "We live in a
Charles, Camille (2003). The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 167. Retrieved from http://jstor.org/stable/30036965.
“gentrification as an ugly product of greed. Yet these perspectives miss the point. Gentrification is a byproduct of mankind 's continuing interest in advancing the notion that one group is more superior to another and worthy of capitalistic consumption with little regard to social consciousness. It is elitism of the utmost and exclusionary politics to the core. This has been a constant theme of mankind to take or deplete a space for personal gain. In other words, it 's very similar to the "great advantage" of European powers over Native Americans and westward expansion”(Wharton).
In his article, “Race and Housing in the Postwar City: An Explosive History,” Raymond Mohl focuses on suburbanization and racial segregation in post-World War II America. Due to discriminatory practices in the housing market,
As the lease of my apartment is coming to an end it had me thinking of achieving my own American Dream of home ownership but as I do my research I find the dream is far from coming true. I am sure that the issue of housing prices and rent rates are what most of us Bay Area residents talk about and debate. It is an issue that needs to be addressed by the officials of the area, city mayors, affordable housing committees, social justice activists,lawmakers, and even employers. Skyrocketing prices, low inventory, and investors’ bidding wars are not only pushing the middle and lower classes out of San Francisco and the Bay Area out but will completely eliminate them.
Farley, J. E. (2012). Living Apart: Housing Segregation in America. In J. E. Farley, Majority-Minority Relations, 6th Edition (pp. 310-342). Pearson.
Michelle Boyd’s article “Defensive Development The Role of Racial Conflict in Gentrification” also focuses on gentrification addressing the failure to explain the relationship between racial conflict and its effect on gentrification. This article adds a new perspective to gentrification while studying the blacks as gentrifiers.
In “The Big Short”, this movie about the economic collapse of 2008 in America highlights how Americans of all racial backgrounds were hit hard when the housing market collapsed. The film provides a very compelling argument and describes how the market crashed because banks began to give out more unstable loans out to people in order to sell more properties, which eventually led to the housing market to be built upon millions of risky loans. This practice grew until the housing market became too unstable because of all the risky loans and resulted in an economic crash. The housing market collapse led to millions of Americans to lose their homes because of foreclosures and led to massive amount of homelessness and unemployment since the Great
Gentrification is described as the renovation of certain neighborhoods in order to accommodate to young workers and the middle-class. For an area to be considered gentrified, a neighborhood must meet a certain median home value and hold a percentage of adults earning Bachelor’s degree. Philadelphia’s gentrification rate is among the top in the nation; different neighborhoods have pushed for gentrification and have seen immense changes as a result. However, deciding on whether or not gentrification is a beneficial process can become complicated. Various groups of people believe that cities should implementing policy on advancing gentrification, and others believe that this process shouldn’t executed. Both sides are impacted by the decision to progress gentrification; it is unclear of the true implications of completely renovating impoverished urban areas; gentrification surely doesn’t solve all of a community’s issues. I personally believe that gentrification is not necessarily a good or bad process; gentrification should occur as a natural progression of innovative economies and novel lifestyles collide within certain areas. Policy involving gentrification should not support the removal of people out of their neighborhood for the sake of advancement.
It is often easy to castigate large cities or third world countries as failures in the field of affordable housing, yet the crisis, like an invisible cancer, manifests itself in many forms, plaguing both urban and suburban areas. Reformers have wrestled passionately with the issue for centuries, revealing the severity of the situation in an attempt for change, while politicians have only responded with band aid solutions. Unfortunately, the housing crisis easily fades from our memory, replaced by visions of homeless vets, or starving children. Metropolis magazine explains that “…though billions of dollars are spent each year on housing and development programs worldwide, ? At least 1 billion people lack adequate housing; some 100 million have none at all.? In an attempt to correct this worldwide dilemma, a United Nations conference, Habitat II, was held in Istanbul, Turkey in June of 1996. This conference was open not only to government leaders, but also to community organizers, non governmental organizations, architects and planners. “By the year 2000, half the world’s people will live in cities. By the year 2025, two thirds of the world population will be urban dwellers ? Globally, one million people move from the countryside to the city each week.? Martin Johnson, a community organizer and Princeton professor who attended Habitat II, definitively put into words the focus of the deliberations. Cities, which are currently plagued with several of the severe problems of dis-investment ?crime, violence, lack of jobs and inequality ?and more importantly, a lack of affordable and decent housing, quickly appeared in the forefront of the agenda.
After developing the background behind gentrification and the history of the two neighborhoods, Freeman dives into the lives of the residents living in these neighborhoods within the next two sections of the text. From these sections, Freeman develops the following concepts: the benefit of improved amenities, the fear of displacement, the presence of whites, the original resident’s hostility against whites, and the neighborhood effect. These concepts help explain the issues behind gentrification and provide rationale for his proposal to minimize the detrimental effects of gentrification while keeping its benefits.
Lance Freeman tackles the issue of gentrification from the perspectives of residents in the gentrified neighborhood. He criticizes the literature for overlooking the experiences of the victims of gentrification. The author argues that people’s conceptions on the issue are somewhat misinformed in that most people consider it as completely deplorable, whereas in reality, it benefits the community by promoting businesses, different types of stores, and cleaner streets. These benefits are even acknowledged by many residents in the gentrified neighborhood. However, the author admits that gentrification indeed does harm. Although gentrification does not equate to displacement per se, it serves to benefit primarily homeowners and harm the poor. Additionally,
Gentrification is the keystone for the progression of the basic standards of living in urban environments. A prerequisite for the advancement of urban areas is an improvement of housing, dining, and general social services. One of the most revered and illustrious examples of gentrification in an urban setting is New York City. New York City’s gentrification projects are seen as a model for gentrification for not only America, but also the rest of the world. Gentrification in an urban setting is much more complex and has deeper ramifications than seen at face value. With changes in housing, modifications to the quality of life in the surrounding area must be considered as well. Constant lifestyle changes in a community can push out life-time
From slavery to Jim Crow, the impact of racial discrimination has had a long lasting influence on the lives of African Americans. While inequality is by no means a new concept within the United States, the after effects have continued to have an unmatched impact on the racial disparities in society. Specifically, in the housing market, as residential segregation persists along racial and ethnic lines. Moreover, limiting the resources available to black communities such as homeownership, quality education, and wealth accumulation. Essentially leaving African Americans with an unequal access of resources and greatly affecting their ability to move upward in society due to being segregated in impoverished neighborhoods. Thus, residential segregation plays a significant role in