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The history of black slavery in the Caribbean
The history of black slavery in the Caribbean
The history of black slavery in the Caribbean
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In the 1930s, still under political control by Britain, the English Speaking Caribbean could be characterised as region undergoing tremendous amounts of labour unrest. During this period, a series of labour riots and general labour unrest plagued many islands. The roots of these uprisings can be traced to the hardship experienced by the formerly enslaved Africans after Emancipation, which went unrelieved for an entire century. With their hard-won freedom gained in 1838, the formerly enslaved Africans sought to transform themselves into an independent community of small farmers. However, they continuously faced myriad of difficulties and eventually grew extremely frustrated. To further compound the problem, sugar, formerly known as the economic …show more content…
The government began granting generous fiscal incentives, such as tax holidays, accelerated depreciation rates, duty-free importation of raw materials, tariff protection, and subsidized factory space. These incentives placed a heavy emphasis on industry and services particularly manufacturing, mining, and tourism over agriculture. The implementation of a number of acts by the government such as, the Pioneer Industries Law of 1949, the Industrial Incentives Law of 1956, and the Export Industries Law of 1956, resulted in drastic growth of the manufacturing sector. Likewise, there was a similar stimulus in the tourism sector with the Hotel Aid Law of 1944, which provided a similar catalyst to investment in the tourism sector. The application of the "industrialization by invitation" strategy growth model of development resulted in a large number of foreign corporations, mostly from the United States, being established in Jamaica. The twin island of Trinidad and Tobago underwent a similar experience. The Trinidadian government sought to attract investors through the creation of the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). The IDC created a production platform that sought to assist investors by providing them with incentives, especially to exporting firms. The government also enacted a number of important economic policies to facilitate the growth of the economic sector. These polices were the Aid to Pioneer Industries Ordinance and the Income Tax Reform Ordinance to Benefit Industry, both enacted in 1950. Once these policies were implemented, wide ranging fiscal concessions for infant industries were provided and similar provisions were also made for tourism. Both islands were the benefactors of incredible economic growth especially in their manufacturing sector. For example, the Jamaican real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) an annual average of 6.7% and 8.5% in
Slave labor is the final factor that drove the sugar trade and made it so successful. Slaves were the manual laborers on the plantations, doing the actual harvesting and boiling because the owner wasn’t there to do so (Document 8). Without the slaves working the farm, everything was pretty much useless. There is also a direct correlation between the number of slaves and the tons of sugar produced. This is shown in Document 9, where the island of Jamaica starts out with 45,000 slaves, and produces 4,782 tons of sugar. When the number of slaves increases by less than half to 74,500, the amount of sugar produced is more than tripled at 15, 972 tons. This clearly exhibits how slaves were essential to sugar
The plantation systems in the Caribbean were its most distinctive and characteristic economic form. These plantation systems were created in the New World during the early years of the sixteenth century and were mostly staffed with slaves imported from Africa. It was Spain that pioneered sugar cane, sugar making, African slave labour, and the plantation form in the Caribbean. Before long, within a century, the French and British became the world’s greatest makers and exporters of sugar. The film, Sugar Cane Alley, depicts the essence of a key transitional moment in French Caribbean history. It highlights the tribulations (daily efforts and working conditions) of many Noir sugar plantation workers in Martinique in the early 1930s. Hence,
The majority of the nearly 500,000 slaves on the island, at the end of the eighteenth century endured some of the worst slave conditions in the Caribbean. These people were seen as disposable economic inputs in a colony driven by greed. Thus, they receive...
One of the most significant causes that came out of sugar production was the Atlantic Slave Trade. “The vast majority of the African captives transported across the Atlantic, some 80 percent or more, ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean (Strayer 568).” Once the Portuguese and British brought sugar to the Americas, they came to the realization that the land was fertile. This opened up a vast array of possibilities that could not progress without the aid of increased labor. Out of this need for increased labor, slavery arises and proceeds to spread. Slaves worked on sugar-producing estates or plantations in horrible conditions. The extensive use of African slave labor gave these plantation colonies an extremely different ethnic makeup in comparison to that of Spanish America. The search for slaves leads to Africa where the “trade triangle” is produced. This triangle of trade includes the Americas, Africa, and Britain. First, Africa provides slaves for the Americas. In the Americas, the slaves are then used to cultivate the sugar production. The Americas have greater sugar production which then enables them to transport sugar to Britain in exchange for other goods and services such as silver and spices. Britain continued to trade with Africa in order to keep the cycle functioning. This triangle of trade allowed commerce to expand and
Five hundred years ago, the Portuguese established a sugar cane empire in a land surrounding the bay of saints. This region made the production easy because it was a very fertile growing ground for the sugar, the earth’s most profitable product at this time. At first the Indians were used to work in the sugar fields but the Portuguese soon found out that the Indians were not going to meet their needs. So the Portuguese turned to slavery in the 1500’s to meet the high demand for human labor. As the demand for sugar exploded, the number of slaves in Brazil exploded also, making Brazil have one of the largest slave populations in the world. For three more centuries after this Europeans transported Africans they captured to Brazil to work in the sugar production industry. No place on the hemisphere had received more slaves than Brazil. This process of slave trade was called the Atlantic slave trade, which marked the beginning of a long and tragic time period in world history. Only about 10 - 12 Africans capt...
Sugar is something we all have some love for. We know it’s not the best for us, but it’s seems impossible to escape in modern times. Because it is in some many things, we consider the value of it to be very low. But there was a time when the demand and price was way higher than the average person could afford. This time was called the Sugar Trade. It lasted from 1655 to 1833. It was a big time in history as many people became rich. But many factors drove it. But in the main, the three factors that drove the Sugar Trade were the brutal forced labor of slaves to harvest and gather the sugar to spread it to Great Britain, the high demand of sugar that Britain needed to keep the
By 700 A.D., it was seen that sugar was diffused to the Mediterranean region by Islamic expansion and trade as sucrose was viewed as an exotic spice and medicine (Nunn, Nathan). In 1452, Portuguese sugar production began on Madeira, an uninhabited island off the northwest coast of Africa. Indigenous peoples were the first workers brought to island of Madeira to work on the sugar mills, but the need for labor was too much. To get help with more labor, the enslaved African Americans were brought in and they became the main labor force for the sugar industry. By 1500, Madeira became the largest exporter of sugar in the world (Dunn, R.). With the success of the cash crop and the labor provided by the African Americans, sugar production was seen to have spread to other Atlantic islands; first it was the Canaries, then Santiago in the Cape Verde islands but these islands lacked the required rainfall for good cane culture. This is where the Portuguese, and then later the Spanish, Dutch, and English came to set their sights on other areas to continue this white gold sugar industry hoping to expand the production and gain
The controversy over logging, and more specifically clearcutting, is not a new issue in America. Ever since the 1920's and 1930's, when this nation started to become conscious of conservation, citizens have weighed the consequences of logging. Critics have questioned whether the increase in jobs, tax dollars, and economic growth was worth the destruction of forest lands. Regardless of what they believe today, the logging industry had become so efficient that by the late 1980's nearly 100,000 acres of federal land had been clearcut since the industry began. Logging technology has advanced rapidly in terms of speed, to meet the increasing demands for lumber, paper, and other products derived from trees. This in turn has greatly impacted the environment by severely degrading watersheds, leading to increased soil erosion, the diminution in the quality of drinking water, and the decline of fish stocks, among many other consequences. In this essay I will examine the progression of logging equipment throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and discuss how these changes in technology have not only changed the relationship of those who work in the industry, but also haw this has changed the wider relationship of society and nature.
The 1600’s were a time of expansion in the new world. Unfortunately the development of this area led slavery to be the main source of labor. As history teaches us slavery was used extensively in the new world. The main areas of concern of this paper are how slavery in the Caribbean carried over its practice in the American South. The slave system was implemented in the Caribbean on a larger scale before the South implemented their system. The slave plantations of the Caribbean served as a learning platform for the slavery system in the south. The development of Caribbean slave laws, slave revolts, transfer of information on this practice to the South and the South’s implementation of these slave laws, and the slave issues in check.
Sugar is one of the most consumed commodities in the world today, and the profits of it are significant. According to Larry Schwartz (2014) “Americans consume 130 pounds of sugar every year” (Schwartz, 2014). We must be acknowledged about how it all started, to appreciate how people lived and how they struggled to provide such a commodity. Sugar was a profitable commodity in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. The cultivation of sugarcane expanded to the United States of America, which brought enslaves from Africa to work on the plantation of sugar during the 17th century. Sugar was known as the white gold for its income, which helped the U.S. to achieve independence from Great Britain. Although sugar has the worst history, it is widely used for nutritional, medical and industrial productions, and sugar manufacturing led to an industrial development and economic growth.
The Slave Revolution in the Caribbean Colonists in the eighteenth century created plantations that produced goods such as tobacco, cotton, indigo, and more importantly, sugar. These plantations required forced labor, and thus slaves were shipped from Africa to the new world. “The Caribbean was a major plantation that was a big source of Europe’s sugar, and increasing economic expansion. The French had many colonies, including its most prized possession Saint- Domingue (Haiti). ”
Rainforests, should we cut them down or not? Probably one of the biggest questions the world has to overcome. Sure, rainforests supply us with a lot of resources and we could surely not live without cutting some of them down, but should we be cutting them down at the rate we are? To be exact, the statistic estimates 1.5 acres of natural rainforests are being destroyed every second. While this practise supplies us with resources like timber for furniture, it also reduces the amount of oxygen supply.
This topic was selected to widen the researchers understanding of the real reason slavery was abolished in the British West Indies as well as why sources have differing opinions.
Slavery and the Caribbean Europeans came into contact with the Caribbean after Columbus's momentous journeys in 1492, 1496 and 1498. The desire for expansion and trade led to the settlement of the colonies. The indigenous peoples, according to our sources mostly peaceful Tainos and warlike Caribs, proved to be unsuitable for slave labour in the newly formed plantations, and they were quickly and brutally decimated. The descendants of this once thriving community can now only be found in Guiana and Trinidad. The slave trade which had already begun on the West Coast of Africa provided the needed labour, and a period from 1496 (Columbus's second voyage) to 1838 saw Africans flogged and tortured in an effort to assimilate them into the plantation economy.
The Caribbean is often overlooked when the concept of slavery is discussed. However, the Caribbean islands played an integral part in the building of various countries’ economies around the world; primarily European countries. Many of the social stigmas that are associated with slavery are still present in various Caribbean countries’ societies today. Caribbean cultures have very strong African roots as of the numerous traditions carried from Africa by the slaves. This paper will give an overall view of slavery in the Caribbean and go more in depth into the economic, social, and cultural affects that it had and is still giving in the Caribbean using Haiti as a focal point.