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Example of or personal philosophy on idealism
How does Niccolò Machiavelli improve and contribute to political thought
Examine fully any contribution of Niccolo Machiavelli to political philosophy
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Philosophy 20/30 Tanisha Kotowich Mr. Gambier March 3, 2014 Quotes Regarding Philosophy Analysis, Interpretation and Application “To be is to be perceived. If a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound?” ~ Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753) As an idealist, Berkeley believed that nothing is real except for minds and their ideas. Ideas do not exist independently of the mind, but rather it is the mind that provides validity to the concepts. Something exists only if someone has the idea of it. It is the acknowledgement made by humans that takes a mere ambiguous idea and gives it not only meaning but its very existence. If one looks at the opposing idea, it’s difficult to completely grasp the concept that should an individual be unaware of either an object or an idea, it’s existence is subjective. The reason being is that, how can one be aware of the lack of existence of something, should they be ignorant of the actual object. There is nothing to prove its existence should the idea of it never manifest itself in the mind of an individual. Though he never put the question in the exact words given in the quotation, Berkeley would say that if a tree fell in the forest and there was no one there to hear it, not only would it not make a sound, but there would be no tree. Due to the lack of presence during the fall, there is nothing to say that the tree existence was tangible, let alone the fall. This train of thought ties in with Protagoras’ quote “man is the measure of all things”, which essentially states that because man is thought to be capable of a higher level of thinking over any other animals, it is said that our perception of the world around us justifies everything we see, and allows us... ... middle of paper ... ...ividuals of higher ability place upon others to ensure they do not surpass them. It assures that individuals “The unreal is more powerful than the real, because it's only intangible ideas, concepts, beliefs, fantasies that last. Stone crumbles. Wood rots. People, well, they die.” ~ Chuck Palahniuk (1962 - Present) The study of philosophy is often phrased as being the search for what one does not know. “The end justifies the means.” ~ Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) Machiavelli’s famous words have impacted individuals on many different levels in multiple different areas. Everywhere from business to education, this quote has various degrees of application and truth. What is implied by Machiavelli is that it is not the means by which one reaches there end goal that matters, but rather the fact that they have achieved it. Success is based on the attainment of
This paper will examine the reliability of George Berkeley’s metaphysical theory of Idealism. Berkeley’s Idealism holds that reality is made real by what the mind perceives and that what we perceive to be material is really a collection of immaterial sensations. Idealism is defined as the view “that only mental entities exist, so physical things exist only in the sense that they are perceived” (“Idealism”). Berkeley’s argument of Subjective Idealism is the view that reality consists of one’s mind and its ideas, while Objective Idealism says in addition, a supreme mind produces ideas in the physical world that do not depend on human minds to exist (Velasquez 146). Without Objective Idealism, one can undergo solipsism which is the belief that only one’s self and experiences of the world are real and everything else does not exist (“Solipsism”). Opposing Idealism is the metaphysical view of Materialism which holds that only physical things exist (“Materialism”). This paper will start by examining George Berkeley’s views of Subjective and Objective Idealism and how they apply to reality. Then, the critiques made and supported by Aristotle and Thomas Hobbes against both views of Idealism will be argued. However, these arguments fail to properly examine Berkeley’s Idealism, thus causing the critiques to be based upon misinformation. Although the criticisms pose potential flaws, Berkeley’s Idealism continues to be a major discussion in the metaphysical debate.
To tackle Berkeley's argument, I will take Hylas and Philonous's Tree Argument. This is a nice variation on the common riddle of "If a tree falls in the middle of a forest, and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound?" Philonous is trying to prove that everything that exists is perceived, and therefore exists only in the mind. If this is true, then nothing exists without the mind, and it is therefore pointless to distinguish between primary and secondary qualities as Locke does. Philonous challenges Hylas to conceive of any sensible object that exists without the mind. Hylas responds with the idea of a tree existing by itself, independent of, and unperceived by, any mind whatsoever. Philonous then points out that this is a contradiction - conceiving a thing that is unconceived. However, these two riddlers are failing to take into consideration one crucial element - time.
...ch allows us to perceive physical objects, than it must be God. Therefore, following Berkeley thought, when we talk about matter, we are talking about God. That which we attribute to matter must refer to God, the revealer of ideas corresponding to material things. It would then follow that it is God who is the True Essence of physical objects and not atoms, photons, or protons. However, this explanation may be just as commonsensical as his explanation against science in that neither God nor matter has been proven scientifically to exist. Both are theoretical ideas. Since neither God nor matter can be proven to exist, it would follow that Berkeley’s theory of external objects is just as commonsensical as postulating that physical objects contain atoms, photons ect, (reality consists of matter) and that God does not exist--the materialistic/ functionalistic theory.
In Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous and Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, philosophers George Berkeley and René Descartes use reasoning to prove the existence of God in order to debunk the arguments skeptics or atheists pose. While Berkeley and Descartes utilize on several of the same elements to build their argument, the method in which they use to draw the conclusion of God’s existence are completely different. Descartes argues that because one has the idea of a perfect, infinite being, that being, which is God therefore exists. In Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley opposes the methodology of Descartes and asserts that God’s existence is not dependent on thought, but on the senses and
In regards to glory, Machiavelli argues that, rulers should study the actions of admirable men. They should learn how to conduct themselves when at war, study why some battles were won and others lost, so they will know what to imitate or to avoid. In regards to such education, he states, “above all [the ruler] should set himself
Locke, an indirect realist, explores our immediate perceptions and with this attempts to draw a line between ideas and qualities, just how these are different entities. Sometimes referred to as Representative Theory, according to Locke, we are aware only of our ideas, these being things existing “in our minds”, sensations created. Our perceptions are indirect and their qualities, these are the causal properties of physical objects that then cause those sensations. This dualistic account
reality was not in me…therefore I myself cannot be the cause of the idea, then
Berkeley insists that the existence of the physical world is in fact unbelievable such that. He asks us to imagine an object, let’s say a tree in a park. Imagine this object existing is unperceived, what are you imagining a tree in an empty park, well in fact it is you that’s perceiving it. No one can perceive something existing in an external world outside of everyone’s mind because you are there perceiving it, it is being perceived as an idea in your mind, we therefore have no access or cannot even conceive of a material world outside of our minds. This makes Berkeley against the absolute existence of unthinking objects, since he considered the sensible objects to be nothing without the minds, but then he verifies that all the ideas that we perceive in our minds are still inactive with no
Machiavelli discusses assertive and bold ideas in “The Prince,” revealing his radical and courageous nature. His treatise is deceptively self-soliciting, because he disguises his extreme notions behind a veil of feigned expertise. His frank approach makes him appear confident and deserving of the utmost respect; however, he cautiously humbles himself by pouring immense flattery for the ruling prince into his work and, in doing so, assures protection for himself and his notorious ideas.
Ideas are what the mind is thinking of when something happens. Human minds know ideas not objects. George Berkeley discusses idea from the eye of the perceiver. We perceive ordinary objects such as houses, mountains and etc. We perceive only ideas therefore implying that ordinary objects are ideas. Through objects and things we are able to experience having ideas. The ideas represent external material objects which allows us to perceive them. According to Berkeley "esse est percipi" which translates to “to be is to be perceived" (Stanford, 2014). The existence of an idea cannot be separated from what is being perceived. If an idea or object is not perceived, then it does not exist. By sight I have the thoughts of light and hues with their few degrees and varieties. By touch I see and feel how hard and delicate, warmth and chilly, movement and resistant something is. Anything that we cannot perceive with our senses doesn 't exist. The soul cannot be perceived. However I wouldn 't go so far as to say "realize and recognize its presence." I think that instead of taking the literal approach that it could be extended to things that we do not yet know are there and yet are capable of being perceived "one day."
that life is based on the decisions made by a higher power in an overall plan. The power of free
...ver, according to Machiavelli, these short-comings are justified since they preserve the state’s overall goal. In addition, if administrators at both local and national levels act in accordance with the state, this preserves the functionality of society as a whole. Not acting in accordance with the will of the state causes turmoil to erupt and a chink within the everyday businesses of life. Thus, it is consideration of these points that Machiavelli’s philosophy would purport that the tyrannical grip of the state ought to reign supreme in contemporary society.
So concluding that ‘I am,’ ‘I exist,’ is true whenever it is conceived in mind, attests the fact that since thinking is taking place, regardless of whether or not what is being thought of is true or not, implies that there must be something else involved in the notion, precisely the “I.” Consequently, “I exist” is a certain belief from which other certain truths can be inferred.
Philosophers are often thought of as hopelessly inept in the “real” world, the theoretical counterparts of the 90-pound weakling on the beach of the material world. Nothing could be more mistaken.
“If you can imagine it you can create. If you can dream it, you can become it.”