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Forensic Psychology Literature Review
Forensic Psychology Literature Review
Psychology and police investigations
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THE ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSY IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION OF SUICIDE CASES IN BAGUIO CITY
By
LIRIO, ALEXANDRA CLAIRE C.
PASCUA, JEMAICA G.
TALTALA, AIMEE B.
TIMOTEO, SHANBERLANE T.
UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO
THE ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSY IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION OF SUICIDE CASES
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Shneidman, in collaboration with Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center and the Los Angeles Medical Examiner’s Office, coined the term Psychological Autopsy to refer to a procedure used to classify equivocal deaths. An equivocal death is a death in which it is not immediately clear whether a person committed suicide or not (e.g., drug-ingestion deaths, single car accident deaths). It is essentially a mental state examination of the deceased.
Approximately 20% of cases presented to a medical examiner has unclear mode of death. A
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Specifically, to answer the following questions:
1. What is Psychological Autopsy?
2. How is Psychological Autopsy conducted?
3. When it will be needed to be conducted?
4. How does psychological autopsy help in conducting the investigation?
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This study on the roles of psychological autopsy to the criminal investigation of suicide cases is expected to bring about important information that would be of significance to the survivor of attempted suicide cases, families and community members, students, and other researchers, and specially to the researchers itself. Specifically, the findings of this study bear significance to the following:
• Determination of the cause of suicide
• Coming up to a rehabilitation program for suicide survivors
• Conducting seminars on giving community members knowledge on how to get through extreme emotions like trauma, stress and depression that will lead to suicide
• Understanding suicide survivors why they have come up in attempting suicide
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
2. Kirsch, Laura. “Diagnosis: DEATH.” Forensic Examiner 15.2 (2006): 52-54. Criminal Justice Periodicals. ProQuest. USF Mears Library, Sioux Falls, SD. 24 Apr. 2008 http://www.proquest.com/
Sakinofsky, I. (2007). The Aftermath of Suicide: Managing Survivors' Bereavement. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry, 52129S-136S.
...urvivors and any of these people may taint the process by providing “biased” recollections. The most commonly cited limitation or weakness of psychological autopsies is the lack of any standardized procedures for conducting them (Roberts & Baker, 2009, Psychological Autopsy, Limitations of Psychological Autopsies section, para.2). Although psychologists have developed a standardized guide with twenty-six categories to assist investigators in conducting psychological autopsies, not all of the categories are applicable to every case or are considered by every psychologist conducting a psychological autopsy (Roberts & Baker, 2009, Psychological Autopsy, Limitations of Psychological Autopsies section, para.2). Lacks, Westveer, Dibble and Clemente (2008) question its validity and reliability as the accuracy of equivocal death analysis has not been empirically studied.
Death is an elementary word harboring many meanings. It is the feeling of being caught in the grip of inevitably. It is a personal realization that you too are mortal. It is the recognition that one's life is changed forever. The shiny image of a once bright world full of promise dulls. Unfortunately, every individual will experience the death of a loved one at least once in their life. No words can soothe the agony of losing a loved one. State legislatures are familiar with this grief and have created either a coroner system or a medical examiner system. A coroner system consists of a coroner whose responsible for identifying the decreased body, alerting the family members or anyone of close relation, signing the death certificate and most importantly determining the cause of death. The tasks seem simple; however, in practicality the tasks are demanding and impossible to fulfill with the coroner system. Due to the absence of scientific knowledge, elective nature and lack of modern resources, the coroner system is exceeding inefficient and should be replaced with the medical examine...
Paulson, George. "Death of a President and his Assassin—Errors in their Diagnosis and Autopsies." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 15.2 (2006): 77-91. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Apr. 2011.
The medico-legal autopsy report should be as detailed as possible so as not to miss even the slightest of findings, which may later play a big role in determining the case, hence standardized autopsy procedures as well as autopsy protocols have been devised.
In 1972, Albert Cain laid the ground work for the psychology of those coping with suicide in his work Survivors of Suicide. Up to that time, there had been almost no research of the topic of suicide survivors. (McIntosh, 2003). The classification “Survivors of Suicide” (SoS), attributed to Cain in his 1972 book Survivors of Suicide, refers to friends and family left behind in the aftermath of a loved one’s self-inflicted death (McIntosh, 2003). In his foreword to the book, Edwin Shneidman, the founder of the American Association of Suicidology and cofounder of the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center, referred to the “survivors of suicide, as the largest mental health casualty area related to suicide” (McIntosh, 2003). The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention estimates six survivors for every suicide. According to their statistics, over 36,000 Americans die from suicide every year (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention [AFSP], 2011). This leaves over 216,000 Americans to cope in the aftermath of suicide in addition to those still coping from previous years.
Suicide pact is a challenging issue in forensic practise, in which two or more persons mutually agree and execute to end their lives together by pre-determined methods (1,2). These events are, however, very rare as the incidence is less than 1% among the suicides (3,4). The individuals in suicide pact may be spouses, lovers, or friends; lover pacts are typical in Japan, spouse pacts are typical in Dade County and England, while friends pact frequency is the highest among Indians (5). The preferred means of suicide chosen by the pact-victims are gunshot, hanging, poisoning and drowning which are less painful, and cause immediate death (6,7). It is a difficult task for a forensic pathologist to establish a case of suicidal pact and to differentiate
In a study released by Brown University, their psychology department shed some light on common myths and facts surrounded suicide. These m...
Crimelibrary.com, (2014). The Mystery of Howard Hughes — Psychological Autopsy helps us understand controversial deaths — Crime Library. [online] Available at: http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/psych_autopsy/4.html [Accessed 5 May. 2014].
A mother finds her 17 year old teenage son hanging from the rafters of their basement. To hear of this occurrence is not rare in society today. Every 90 minutes a teenager in this country commits suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15-24 year olds. The National suicide rate has increased 78% between 1952 and 1992. The rate for 15-19 year olds rose from two per 100,000 to 12.9, more than 600 percent. (Special report, Killing the Pain, Rae Coulli)
Instead, state governments should provide more funding and training for county coroner’s so they can do their jobs well with the proper facilities and equipment. Coroners are important elected officials and should not be replaced by appointed medical examiners who are not accountable to the public (“Coroners and Forensic Science”). Electing coroners with little medical experience and allowing them to perform autopsies with no real regulatory oversight is a deeply flawed and outdated method for conducting death investigations. As stated in the article, “autopsies should be performed only by licensed physicians, preferably those specializing in forensic pathology, and in offices run by certified medical examiners (“Coroners and Forensic Science”).” Furthermore, the U.S. should have a federal department that can impose a uniform set of standards for death investigation in every county, instead of the confusing hodgepodge of systems it has
Suicide is a sad story many people are reluctant to approach. But when somebody nearest to them kills themselves, they feel the compelling guilt of trying to understand the motive behind the death. It is a complex and rather devastating subject. Many who kill themselves can never come back to tell us what happened and why it did. Suicide takes an emotional toll on it's survivors and wreck havoc in the wake of the surrounding victims. What causes suicide is a probing series of many theories, and yet not one definitive answer. The prevention of suicide is also difficult to pinpoint, but only because the intent is unknown. The importance of researching the motives of the suicidal is essential to modern humanity as a whole, because in the era we live in, suicide rates are climbing faster than ever. Understanding the driving force behind suicide is what can help the field of social science to save the conscience mind of many people from self-destruction - and save their lives, and the emotions of their loved ones.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior. In psychology, and all of the other sciences, relying on opinions is abandoned in order to find out which explanations best fit the evidence or data given. Science continually forces us to question our findings and conclusions. Over time, psychology has advanced greatly and a main reason for such progressiveness is because of the change in the research model used.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.