Synthetic drugs used now a day are being the cornerstone for the prevention and treatment of almost all diseases and conditions, becoming a new topic of concern for their detrimental side effects, broad-spectrum non-specific action along with their association with morbidity and mortality [1]. Evolution of multidrug resistant microbial strains and other human pathogen are also contributing in a quest for alternatives of these synthetics [2]. Cost, doses, route of administration, availability of synthetic drugs are also serving as limiting factors. In this quest of alternative drug development, plant origins are appearing as a vast resource of easily serviceable option. From early 19th century to until recent, plant products and derivatives
are being incorporated into the active compound production for commercial drug application [3] with a view to developing potentially more active and safer drugs. Medicinal plants are now catching interest for isolation and characterization of pharmacologically active compounds from developing world to developed countries [4]. These compounds are involved in various primary and secondary immunological systems in plants and hence are of safe human application [4-6]. In between 1981 to 2002, about 48% of active compound evaluated for pharmacological activity were of natural plant products [7]. Around 60% drugs are under clinical trial or for commercial application, for fighting against cancer [8] ranging from galanthamine for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [9], to recent drug to eradicate cancer, EBC- 46 [10]. Glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, resin, tannins, saponins etc are notable plant origin compound with pharmacological value [5, 11-12]. Flavonoids are reported to be free radical scavenger [11, 13], anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compound [14] and positively associated with vascular health [15] and cancer cell proliferation [16]. Methodology Plant materials: Tridax procumbens leaves were collected from local area in syhet, Bangladesh in the time period of _________. The sample was identified by Professor Dr. Anwar Ul Islam, Department pharmacy, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh and a sample specimen voucher (Ref. GEB09032014/3) stored at Plant Biotechnology laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh. The experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh Sample preparation: Fresh leaves were then shed dried for 24-28 days at room temperature. Clean, dried leaves were grounded using a blender and then subjected for extraction using modified shake flask method reported elsewhere [1-5] with modification. Powder were dissolved with solvents ______ in a 1:10 (g/ml) ratio and kept in orbital shaker at a speed of 120 rpm at the temp. of 40°C for 72 hours. The extracts were then filtered with moslin cloth and Whatman number 1 filter paper using vacuum. The liquid phase were then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 20 min, the supernatant was dried under reduced pressure while the pellet being discarded. The resultant dry mass will then be weighed, percentage yield recorded and kept in a glass vial in cool environment for further fractionation. Animals Sprague-Dawley mice of 5-6 week were collected from _______, and kept in our lab condition for 7 days for acclimatization, with free access of food and water.
Pharmaceuticals have examined and found to ”work by changing the biological functions of the target cells in the body through chemical agents“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). ”Many people in the past have thought that drugs that
The multiple use of plants used for nourishment, medicinal purposes and practical use were ignored by Lewis and Clark during their monumental trek across the United States. Rather than consider the Native Indian’s use of native plants they persisted on using Dr. Rush’s Thunderbolt pills that probably caused more problems than the condition that inflicted them. Many modern day cultures continue to ignore native remedies and have come to depend on synthetic pharmaceutical drug production. In recent years the wealth of indigenous knowledge has been acknowledged revealing the use of native plants and the importance it had in the survival of indigenous people.. Pharmaceutical companies have utilized the immense knowledge of the indigenous people and their use of natural plants. The application of natural plant species have revealed the main reasons mankind has survived into present day. Following is a few of the plants, their application and their specific purposes.
1. "Dangerous Designer Drug Packs a One-two Punch." - VCU Center for Clinical and Translational Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013
Prescription stimulant misuse can be defined as taking more of the medication than prescribed, or as taking the medication without a prescription. There have been many arguments on the reasons why there has been an increasing amount of college students who misuse prescription stimulants. Some psychologists argue that the misuse of prescription stimulants amongst college students is caused by stress brought upon by final exams and hard curriculum. However, other psychologists argue that the misuse of prescription stimulants is becoming more common amongst American college students for other reasons such as: differences amongst brain activity in college students, and misconceptions about the true risks of misusing prescription stimulants amongst
The effectiveness of any plant is not due to the action of any one chemical as modern science would have you believe. When plants are synthesized in a lab, they are analyzed to find their most potent and active components. The rest of the plant is left behind. What science is forgetting is that each leaf, stem, flower and root work in their own unique way to deliver what is need to the body.
In the United States, health insurance has been a way to cover insured individuals medical cost. The coverage of insurance depends on the type of health insurance plan an individual has. Each insurance plan varies, and one of the coverages that insurance plans offer is prescription drugs. The cost of prescription drugs, depends on which health insurance plan you have. If an individual does not have health insurance, paying for a prescription drug will be an out-of-pocket cost and cost will vary for those who have health insurance. One of the issues that have been arising in the United States is Prescription drug usage. Many patients are abusing their prescription health insurance coverage and it is affecting their health come. Some of the prescriptions
The legalization of marijuana has been a highly debated topic for many of years. Since the first president to the most recent, our nation’s leaders have consumed the plant known as weed. With such influential figures openly using this drug why is it so frowned upon? Marijuana is considered a gateway drug, a menace to society, and mentally harmful to its consumers. For some people weed brings a sense of anxiety, dizziness, or unsettling feeling. Like alcohol, tobacco or any other drug, those chemicals may not respond well with their body. For other people marijuana brings joy, a sense of relief, and takes the edge off of every day stress. For those who are associated with cannabis, purposes usually range from a relaxant, or cash crop, to more permissible uses such as medicine, and ingredient to make so many other materials. We now need to look at what would change if marijuana were legal. Benefits to the economy and agriculture, health issues, and crime rates are three areas worth looking at. Deliberating on the pros and cons of this plant we can get a better understanding for marijuana. From there it will be easier to make a clear consensus on what is best for the nation.
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
In recent years’ health reform has been a driving force in the United States political system. If you watch the news you will undoughtabley hear how citizens, the government, or the economy is or might be effected by some sort of change in medical regulation. One of these hot topic issues is the cost of prescription drugs. Every major drug market besides the United States regulates the price of drugs in some way (Abbott and Vernon). By the United states not doing so many believes it opens consumers up to be exploited by large pharmaceuticals companies. Other believe regulating drug prices limits investment, innovation, and competition in the pharmaceutical industry. In many ways both views are correct yet the later may have more long term lasting
Infectious diseases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality among the general population, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies have been motivated to develop new antimicrobial drugs in recent years, especially due to the constant emergence of microorganisms resistant to conventional antimicrobials (Silva et al., 2010).
The Pros and Cons of Drug Legalization Should drugs be legalized? Drugs are resources that are capable of affecting the American economy in many ways—both positively and negatively. Drugs often have a bad name, even though they help us everyday in medical cases. and the drugs with the worst reputations are not the most abused drugs. One may benefit from the legalization of drugs in many ways, while others would suffer greatly.
Drug legalization is an end to government-enforced prohibition of certain substances. It has sparked a great debate in the U.S. over the past couple of years. With two states, Colorado and Washington, already completely eliminating the illegalization of marijuana, should the rest of the country legalize the use of marijuana and other drugs too? There are many advantages and disadvantages of legalizing marijuana, but other drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, ecstasy, etc., should they be legalized? Are the health issues too much of a risk? The question is; which will outweigh each other? In my own opinion, I think the only drug that should be legalized is marijuana. Although only legalizing it to an extent with boundaries and restrictions. Many people in this world have disorders that can be treated with the use of medicinal marijuana. Would the people using it for recreational purposes overthrow the opportunity for future medicinal marijuana users? Above all, the profit from legalizing it would help solve other problems far more important than arresting drug abusers.
South and Central American Indians made many prehistoric discoveries of drug-bearing plants. Mexican Aztecs even recorded their properties in hieroglyphics on rocks, but our knowledge of their studies comes mainly from manuscripts of Spanish monks and medical men attached to the forces of the conquistador Hernan Cortes (1485-1547).
Herbal products are medicinal agents obtained from the plants. It’s all started 100 years ago by ancient people. Since synthetic medicine are not yet invented by that time, ancient people had invented medicine out of the plants. Through generations the original herbal medicine had been modified due to the new knowledge discovered and technologies invented.
In conclusion, herbal medicines have been around for a long time. Plenty of our drugs have ingredients from herbs and are still being used today. I would not recommend the use of herbal medicines due to complications it can have on the body unless the physician suggested the product. The more I read up on these herbal medicines the more precautions I came across. I believe these herbal medicines should be reviewed as a drug under the FDA to avoid any health complications for these