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Is international law a law
Character of international law
Character of international law
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When the defense of “lis alibi pendens” is raised in any matter, relevant issues are considered that help the court decide whether to discontinue the matter, strike out the matter or to continue hearing such a suit. One must note that because “lis alibi pendens” arises from international comity, the courts have the power of discretion in choosing to exercise jurisdiction or refusing to exercise the same when there is parallel litigation pending in another court . The approach to “lis alibi pendens” differs from one jurisdiction to another, and as a result of the fact that the rules that regulate the defence are largely unwritten and the fact that there is no universal uniformity in the rules that govern the defence, this paper takes a look …show more content…
Lord Diplock, in the leading judgment in the House of Lords (Lords Edmund-Davies, Keith and Templeman concurring) started by looking at other more familiar matters. What was the most appropriate forum for trial and would the plaintiff obtain any advantage from trial of the action in England? His Lordship concluded that Turkey was not only the country with which the matter litigated had the closest connections, but also the natural and appropriate forum from the point of view of convenience and expense. Neither of the parties had any connection with England, nor had the collision. In contrast, the Turkish element was very strong. It was a collision in Turkish waters between a Turkish ship, manned by a Turkish crew and a Cuban ship was manned by a Cuban crew, but piloted by a Turkish pilot. Turkey was clearly the most convenient and economic forum as regards the witnesses on the Turkish side. As far as the witnesses on the Cuban side were concerned there was little to choose between England and Turkey. These strong connections and factors of convenience came into
Tort, one of the crucial subjects of study when analyzing common law jurisdictions. Tort, is an action which causes another person or party to suffer harm or loss []. The person who has committed a tortious act is called the tortfeasor while the person who suffered harm or loss from such act is called the injured party or the victim. Although crimes may be torts, torts may not be crimes [] simply because a tort may not have broken a law. In fact, one must understand that the key idea of tort is not to punish the tortfeasor(s) but rather to compensate the victim(s).
There are certain standards that the courts use to determine competency. In order to find the accused competent, a court should find out by a preponderance of evidence that the defendant has remarkable ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational indulgence. The def...
``In criminal law, confession evidence is a prosecutor’s most potent weapon’’ (Kassin, 1997)—“the ‘queen of proofs’ in the law” (Brooks, 2000). Regardless of when in the legal process they occur, statements of confession often provide the most incriminating form of evidence and have been shown to significantly increase the rate of conviction. Legal scholars even argue that a defendant’s confession may be the sole piece of evidence considered during a trial and often guides jurors’ perception of the case (McCormick, 1972). The admission of a false confession can be the deciding point between a suspect’s freedom and their death sentence. To this end, research and analysis of the false confessions-filled Norfolk Four case reveals the drastic and controversial measures that the prosecuting team will take to provoke a confession, be it true or false.
Subsequently, one of the main components of the procedural limitation is innocent until proven guilty, which brings about the right to a Grand Jury- a panel that determines whether or not there is a need to go to trial. As a result, a guilty verdict in criminal cases is determined with evidence that is sufficient and that must be proved “‘beyond a reasonable doubt’” (pg.131), so there is an immense need to increase the chances for the respect of “reasonable doubt” (pg.
...tz et. al. 1997). “The standard of proof in a trial is one such fundamental tenet of criminal law.” (Horowitz et. al. 1997).
The judicial statement of Roskill LJ observed in The Albazero [1977] AC774 held plenty of arguments in modern world today. To reach an extent of agree or disagree the judicial statement, it should be critically analysed from a legal perspective:
In relation to the express statutory exceptions to the general rule which is also known as ‘Reverse Onus Provisions’, i.e. one of the circumstances where an accused person bears the legal burden of proof in a criminal case, there is a possibility of these provisions falling foul of or being incompatible with Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights which provides that; ‘Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty a...
Cownie, F and Bradney, A. (2002) English Legal System in Context, London, Butterworths, pp. 293-4.
Introduction This submission will discuss the problems created by the Doctrine of Judicial Precedent and will attempt to find solutions to them. Whereas, English Law has formed over some 900 years it was not until the middle of the 19th Century that the modern Doctrine was ‘reaffirmed’. London Tramways Co. Ltd V London County Council (1898). Law is open to interpretation, all decisions made since the birth of the English Legal System, have had some form of impact whether it is beneficial or not The term ‘Judicial Precedent’ has at least two meanings, one of which is the process where Judges will follow the decisions of previously decided cases, the other is what is known as an ‘Original Precedent’ that is a case that creates and applies a new rule. Precedents are to be found in Law Reports and are divided up into ‘Binding’ and ‘Persuasive’.
HJ (Iran) and HT (Cameroon) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] UKSC 31
United Kingdom is a country with a distinctive set of legal system. It is fairly different from other countries having civil law based legal systems. The legal system in the United Kingdom consists of various sources of law, where other civil law based countries rely only on a written set of law. European influences on the English Legal System came much later in near decades. This essay will aim to examine the development of the English Legal System by reviewing applications of various sources of law in the English Legal System furthermore to discuss the recent European influences on the law of England.
This essay will examine the doctrine of Judicial precedent that helps form the English Legal System. It will illustrate various views that have been raised by Judges and relating cases to the use of ‘Stare decisis’ when creating precedents. In addition it will discuss how the developments in the powers of the courts now also allow them to depart from these precedents to an extent.
in criminal law and Beckett Ltd v. Lyons [1967] 1 All ER 833 the law
The Lotus case garners attention due to the fact that it was among the first cases dealing with whether jurisdiction was assumed in accordance with principles of international law. While the Lotus case was heard in the context of criminal jurisdiction over a collision in the high seas, the Lotus principle has been applied in a variety of other cases in varying contexts. For this reason, the judgment of the Permanent Court of International Justice is critiqued for specifically answering only the question in the special agreement as the continued application of the Lotus Principle as a general principle in other contexts such as anti-trust regulations may lead to ambiguous results.
The courts of England and Wales acknowledge that the above must be something of value, in order to amount to consideration. A valuable consideration in the perspective of the English La...