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Theories on joint venture
The theory of joint venture
The theory of joint venture
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REFORMS As discussed above we can conclude that the principal of joint enterprise has indeed brought forward quite some injustices however down to the core, its aim is to curb gang-related incidents. The law must always evolve and therefore the criminal division should also reform as well. We cannot rely on the judicial manoeuvres such as the Practice Statement to overrule cases but instead must amend the legislation surrounding it. Recently, there has been a review by the Law Society in September of 2017 regarding the issue raised by the Crown Prosecution Service on secondary liability. It was suggested by the Law Society, that in cases of violence involving groups of people, or gangs, the prosecutor should be cautious not to charge all …show more content…
It can be inferred that the Committee has found margins of error within the principle of joint enterprise, therefore they have provided with a recommendation to alter it. The committee has therefore recommended that it be enshrined in legislation . Based on previous cases, the committee has proposed the legislation of joint enterprise to further bring certainty in the law thereby reducing miscarriages of justice to occur. The lack of clarity in the common purpose principle has been the bane to an individual’s freedom should they have been with the principal at the same time at the same place. This doctrine has costed plenty of defendant’s rights as well as their freedom, this recommendation would serve as a check and balance to regulate what a common purpose is and how one could be guilty of …show more content…
However, at what cost will this take? As there are two sides of the coin to many scenarios, the imposition of the joint enterprise principle has reduced crime rate but has also led many innocent parties to be convicted for a crime they did not explicitly commit. That is not to say they committed no wrong but their actions do not warrant a life imprisonment with no hopes of parole especially in murder cases. This would be unfair and unjust as well as going against A.V Dicey’s first postulate to the rule of law that no man should be punished by the law unless he had explicitly breached
In Australia there has been a historic link between OMCG and crime and violence, it is this association that has led to the current VLAD law in Queensland and other states considering harsher laws as well. Bikie gangs are targeted for drugs, the selling of stolen cars, firearms marketing, terrorization and violence, and with Australia has over 6000 and growing members belonging to around 45 outlaw gangs, ranging across Darwin to Tasmania it is hard for the police to maintain order (News, 2013). A day
The developments in penal reform and policies in Scotland have grown with the creation of modern Scotland. Devolution fundamentally changed the nature of criminal justice in Scotland, and the research as shown that increased political involvement and the need for has changed the penal policies over the past few decades. Pre-devolution it was clear that policy-making was carried out in partnership between civil servants and agencies with a rate of change, but the introduction of devolution propelled policy-making into an unstable and heavily politicised environment, which was never the case before, where it now answers to political expediency and the political cycle and this forced the Scottish Criminal Justice Service to take shape become what it is today to deal with the new crime and punishment issues that were revolutionizing over time.
In February 2002, the House of Commons passed the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA). The Act came into effect in April 2003, replacing the Young Offenders Act (Mapleleaf). The new legislation attempts to balance the legalistic framework of the Young Offenders Act and the social needs approach underlying the Juvenile Delinquents Act. This goal is apparent in the Declaration of Principle stating th...
The individuals within our society have allowed the people to assess and measure the level of focus and implementation of our justice system to remedy the modern day crime which conflicts with the very existence of our social order. Enlightening us to the devices that will further, establish the order of our society, reside in our ability to observe the Individual’s rights for public order. The governance of our present day public and social order co-exist within the present day individual. Attempts to recognize the essentiality of equality in hopes of achieving an imaginable notion of structure and order, has led evidence-based practitioners such as Herbert Packer to approach crime and the criminal justice system through due process and crime control. A system where packers believed in which ones rights are not to be infringed, defrauded or abused was to be considered to be the ideal for procedural fairness.
...lacks, and men. Furthermore, the competing paradigms influence public policy. Those that maintain acts as voluntary are more inclined to punish the individual or group, however those that are seen to act under determined forces, judge treatment to be more suitable. Even though these theories contrast, they still contain similarities which are shared in the new penology. Aspects are taken from all to create a new perspective on crime that centres on the management of offenders.
This essay has identified sanctions imposed on offenders including imprisonment and community corrections. Described how punishment is justified with the just desert and deterrence theory. Discussing the rate of individuals being imprison comparted to community, provided rates for assault which shows crime being maintained and community member feel safe enough to allow for this to
Theoretically, with the majority of criminal cases using Therefore, the argument supports the idea of plea-bargaining hurting the justice system. The thinking behind this is “since both the defense and prosecution parties depend on their power to negotiate a deal, instead of winning a trial, the justice system might suffer, ” (15 Serious Advantages and Disadvantages of Plea Bargaining, n.d.). Since plea-bargain relies on a mutual agreement, defendants plead guilty in exchange for a lighter sentence, which means that theoretically the system built on the thought of “ let the punishment fit the crime,” sacrifices punishment in exchange for less trials throughout the year. Although plea-bargaining might offer leeway for some offenders, the criticism fails to consider that plea-bargaining usually reduces sentences, while not completely eliminating sentences. Evidently, the practice still holds citizens accountable for their actions, while simultaneously punishing them.
The criminal justice system is a group of institutions that work together to protect a society, prevent and control crime, and maintain justice; enforcing the laws regulated by society. As the years have gone by and society has evolved; so have the criminal justice system and its methods to accomplish its role in society. This short analysis will evaluate the main facts that have been affecting the criminal justice system for decades and have influenced the evolution the justice system is enduring in a changing society (Muraski, 2009). Amongst the changes in the system, we will discuss the effect the changes have had on the citizens and how their perceptions have evolved as well.
There are different principles that makeup the crime control model. For example, guilt implied, legal controls minimal, system designed to aid police, and Crime fighting is key. However one fundamental principle that has been noted is that ‘the repression of criminal conduct is by far the most important function to be performed by the criminal processes’. (Packer, 1998, p. 4). This is very important, because it gives individuals a sense of safety. Without this claim the public trust within the criminal justice process would be very little. The general belief of the public is that those that are seen as a threat to society, as well as those that fails to conform to society norms and values should be separated from the rest of society, from individuals who choose to participate fully in society. Consequently, the crime control model pro...
Lippman, M. (2012). Contemporary Criminal Law Concepts, Cases and Controversies (3rd ed.). [Vitalsouce Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781452277660/5/3
The issue in this question is regarding the effect of Criminal Justice Act 2003 (CJA 2003) to previous English sentencing system regarding one of the aims of punishment i.e. retribution. It is a duty for courts to apply under section 142 (1) of CJA 2003. The section requires the courts to have regarded the aims in imposing sentence to offenders which has now plays a smaller role in serving punishment. And how profound this changes has been.
Urbas, G. (2000) ‘The Age of Criminal Responsibility’, Australian institute of criminology, trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, no.181., viewed 20 March 2015, 1.
Q2. What is intrapreneurship? How can a business organisation incentivise and benefit from it? In the essay, the author will explain intrapreneurship, how a business can incentivise it, and the benefits of using this concept. The essay will incorporate real examples to support the content given.
Punishing the unlawful, undesirable and deviant members of society is an aspect of criminal justice that has experienced a variety of transformations throughout history. Although the concept of retribution has remained a constant (the idea that the law breaker must somehow pay his/her debt to society), the methods used to enforce and achieve that retribution has changed a great deal. The growth and development of society, along with an underlying, perpetual fear of crime, are heavily linked to the use of vastly different forms of punishment that have ranged from public executions, forced labor, penal welfare and popular punitivism over the course of only a few hundred years. Crime constructs us as a society whilst society, simultaneously determines what is criminal. Since society is always changing, how we see crime and criminal behavior is changing, thus the way in which we punish those criminal behaviors changes.