Post-Democratization Politics: Clientelism and Corruption

. The constitutional heritage of former regimes, in which public resources have been widely utilized to obtain sustenance of backing networks causing the complication of administrative processing, influences the political landscape of the state after democratization (Gee, 2015, p. 42). Different types of backing and clientelism prevail across the political system and administrative procedures, as proved by yielding and acquisition operations being frequently adjusted on the basis of individual relations. Moreover, the elevating level of dependency on costs for political crusades has developed opportunities for political corruption and state seizure, especially at the local level (Strachan, 2014a, p. 12). Thus, the facts demonstrate that elevated levels of costs of political crusades and campaigns stimulate lawmakers and members of councils of provincial and district

71). Despite the fact that the primary objective of decentralization has been rapidly obtained as cities and villages currently revel a higher level of responsibilities, the level of transparency, liability, accountability, and strong clear administrative institutions are still missing, inflicting numerous challenges to the success of the decentralization procedure and impeding the combat against corruption (Strachan, 2014a, p. 14). The facts demonstrate that implementation of decentralization has actually introduced fresh agents and actors, while altering the course of actions of corruption at local levels, elevating possibilities/incentives for the authorities to conduct affairs in a corrupted manner (Strachan, 2014a, p. 14). Local governments currently take advantage of a broad variety of discretionary proxy and superintendence over the utilization of more than 50 percent of the government budget (Hunes et al., 2014, p. 46), while incorporating over-resourcing from timber and mineral and having no appropriate inner and outer accountability arrangements in