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Strengths and limitations of focus groups for research
Strengths and limitations of focus groups for research
Strengths and limitations of focus groups
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Planners of “NO body is perfect, but EVERY body is beautiful” have developed an evaluation design based from Model 3, in which quantitative results are used to illuminate predominately qualitative outcomes. Qualitative methods that would be used in the evaluation design include Delphi techniques, focus group interviewing and in-depth interviewing of the participants. Planners will use Delphi techniques to produce consensus through a series of questionnaires in order to determine a change in attitudes related to the definition of true beauty throughout the program intervention. Delphi techniques have advantages such as consistent participant contact, enhanced quality and quantity response, and reduced influence of others to skew results. The techniques also have disadvantages, which include reduced clarification opportunities for the priority population, reduced immediate reinforcement and high cost and time commitment to conduct the questionnaires and collect the data. Focus group interviewing will be conducted in order to obtain information about the feelings, opinions, perceptions, insights, beliefs, misconceptions, attitude and receptivity of the priority population concerning the idea of true beauty, self-confidence and knowledge of healthy lifestyles. Due to the fact that focus group research grew out of group therapy, planners are assured that this qualitative method will be beneficial to the priority population. Advantages that arise from this method of qualitative evaluation include flexibility, atmosphere for creativity and ease of clarification, as well as low cost and convenience. Drawbacks of focus group interviewing evaluations include limited representativeness of participants, dependence on moderator’s skill and lev...
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...nts. These threats can be addressed by having the participants of the experimental group sign a non-disclosure agreement in order for the participants of both groups to be true to their results.
External validity is referred to as the magnitude in which the program can be projected to create similar results in other populations. Making a greater effort to treat all participants equally and identically can offset the threats to external validity. Planners will conduct a double-blind study, in which the participants as well as the evaluators will not be aware of which group the participants are in. The evaluation design that was chosen provided both internal and external validity as well as has enough influence to make it challenging to generalize the results to other situations and yet accommodating to allow the results to be generalized to similar school settings.
DiClemente (2013) stated, “Although no evaluation is perfect, evaluation research can have a high degree of rigor” (DiClemente, Salazar, & Crosby, 2013, pp. 298). The result of a high degree of rigor can lead to the utilization by program planners and policy experts which would in turn could impact public health policy and promotion practice (DiClemente et al., 2013). This is obtained by a step by step, all equally important, process in what is known as the “Nine Step Stairway to Effective Evaluation”.
As previously mentioned in my planning stage, I had chosen to assist ‘David’ to partake in a group basketball game for completion of my HNC Social Care Graded Unit project. In studying David’s support plan; I had identified his social skills needed slight improvement, with his self-motivation needing most encouragement. I believe the group sports activity we planned and performed met these objectives. Additionally, my placement supervisor has forwarded confirmation of the successful completion of this task via email to my senior lecturer.
We hear sayings everyday such as “Looks don’t matter; beauty is only skin-deep”, yet we live in a decade that contradicts this very notion. If looks don’t matter, then why are so many women harming themselves because they are not satisfied with how they look? If looks don’t matter, then why is the media using airbrushing to hide any flaws that one has? This is because with the media establishing unattainable standards for body perfection, American Women have taken drastic measures to live up to these impractical societal expectations. “The ‘body image’ construct tends to comprise a mixture of self-perceptions, ideas and feelings about one’s physical attributes. It is linked to self-esteem and to the individual’s emotional stability” (Wykes 2). As portrayed throughout all aspects of our media, whether it is through the television, Internet, or social media, we are exploited to a look that we wish we could have; a toned body, long legs, and nicely delineated six-pack abs. Our society promotes a body image that is “beautiful” and a far cry from the average woman’s size 12, not 2. The effects are overwhelming and we need to make more suitable changes as a way to help women not feel the need to live up to these unrealistic standards that have been self-imposed throughout our society.
Royse, David, Thyer, Bruce A., and Padgett, Deborah K.. "Chapter 6." Program Evaluation: An …..Introduction. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson, (2006): 141-150
Redefined, Beauty. "Body Positive Sticky Notes." BEAUTY REDEFINED. Beauty Redefined Blog, Jan. 2014. Web. 05 Apr. 2014. .
Our Session Long Project (SLP) for Module 1 transforms the evaluation essay into a job evaluation. The type of job evaluation used in this SLP identifies the responsibilities of the job and bases the individual’s performance on these responsibilities. What does this mean to the employee; it means that if they understand the responsibilities of their job they are better able to perform it to the satisfaction of the evaluator. However employees who are not informed of their responsibilities can invalidate your evaluation process very quickly and wreck havoc in any organization.
Social pressure to have a perfect body is experienced by many women and young girls. The perfect body has been constructed by society and by the media and women and girls is expected to conform to it. “The American Anorexia and Bulimia Association states that: 1000 American women die of anorexia each year and that people with eating disorders have the second highest fatality rate of the psychological disorders”. Women are dying each year because of body image disturbance disorders and discovering the link between media images and perfect body image could be helpful in finding a successful intervention.
One solution offered by Alfie Kohn, a well-renowned speaker on human behavior, education, and parenting, suggests that teachers would give parents written evaluations of how their child is performing and having frequent conferences available to talk about their child’s performance. Kohn believes that the most effective teachers do not rely solely on standardized tests. Great teachers are able to observe their students and are able to see without the use of exams how well their students understand the concepts being taught. In 1999, Phi Delta Kappa and Gallup poll surveyed the community. Individuals were asked to choose which of four approaches they felt would be the most precise evaluation of a student’s educational development. Using exam scores from standardized testing received the lowest percentage of 27%. Evaluating work that the students have done over a period of time received the highest number of votes at 33%, while the remainder of the votes were divided between letter grades and written evaluations from teachers after observing each student (Pollard, J, 1999).
Examining outcomes-based educational evaluation through a critical theory lens. New Directions For Evaluation, (127), 59-69.
Body image dissatisfaction is increasingly identified as an essential target for public health action ( Paxton , 2002, P. 2) Body image refers to a person’s unique perception of his or her body. It is how we perceive our selves, how we think we appear to others and how we feel about our looks from “our own internal view”. ( Nio, 2003, P3). This internal view is associated with the person’s feelings thoughts and evaluations. It can either be positive or negative. Negative body image could be associated with low self esteem. This could include low willingness to be involved in activities due to poor body image. Self-esteem is an important psychological need of human beings. It is very essential for a person to have a positive body image in order to face and overcome challenges in life. It helps to boost motivation and mental attitude.
A researcher uses an experiment to scientifically test out a hypothesis. In an experiment there are many different factors that are involved. There is the independent variable, which is the cause, it is the one that is being manipulated, and the dependent variable, which is the effect, is the response. When conducting a experiment it is important to make sure that the only thing than can affect the dependent variable is the independent variable. This is known as internal validity. Using random assignment to separate the participants into groups helps eliminate any outside factors, and creates an equal chance for all participants to be apart of the experimental conditions. There are many pros and cons to this type of method. The experimental method creates a strong control of the variables involved in the experiment, which allows an easier determination on cause and effect. If needed, it is fairly easy to replicate an experiment and is less time consuming than other research methods. However there are many downfalls as well. When conducting an experiment the setting of where the experiment is taking place is more artificial which may cause certain behaviors that wouldn’t occur in real life. This is known as external validity, which is the measure of how much the results of a study can be generalized and used in different situations, and people. To improve external validity cover stories are created when conducting experiments so the participants are not aware of what is really going on, or experiments are done in a natural setting as opposed to in a laboratory. However, this creates less control over confounding variables that can affect the experiment, which can create bias results (Aronson,
This study hopes to gain a more in depth view of a demographic that is believed to put a great amount of focus on body image in the way the...
Many people only think that women have the pressure of being flawless; however, the study shows that is not true. Not every men in the today’s world define themselves as dangerous, exciting, powerful, wealthy, tough, no emotions, has complete self-control, loves violence, and controlling women. These word our descriptions of what men are stereotyped in media. Also not everyone woman defines themselves as motherly, kind, powerless, emotion filled, no control, patient, creative, sexy and stupid. However, the media depict women to be this way. The reality is that research suggests that one in four people with eating disorders are men. Images of Adois-like male models with six-packs and, seemingly flawless professional athletes are shown every as an example of what men are suppose to look like. Girls are forced to look the right way to the point where they 're worth is often equated with their physical beauty. In fact, women experience an average of 13 negative thoughts about their body each day for example, an “I hate my body” thought. There was a survey done on 5th to 12th grade girls that looked at the negative influence of media on the perception of body image. 47% of the girls said they want to lose weight to look like famous people because of the people shown as beautiful on magazines. 69% said that magazine pictures influenced their idea of what the “perfect body” looks like (Jennifer L &Eugene V, 2004). Body image issues are relevant in both gender
Today, the idea of beauty has been turned into unattainable forms by media, trends, and marketing. To reach the social’s standard of beauty, many people have gone anorexic, bulimic, or have been addicted to plastic surgery. Many people are wasting money on beauty products to make themselves prettier, but they forget that their inner beauty is more important. Inner beauty is an essential key to the overall appearance of someone. Beauty is truly in the eye of the beholder and is the combination of inner and outer attractiveness of one
The media’s portrayal of the female body image has a negative effect on the female population, as shown in both literature reviews and this research. The dominant factors which affect body image are that of the frequent comparison to others, seeing models, celebrities, in the media as well as the general society around. The supposed ideal physical appearance and what is considered to be the ideal body plays a great role in the nega...