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What are some environmental and genetic factors that can affect prenatal development
Name environmental and biological causes of schizophrenia
Prenatal factors that affect development
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Prenatal non-genetic factors that occur before, during, and after birth and how they can effect schizophrenia later in life: Factoring in the internal and external nongenetic factors of pregnancy that have been related to know cases of schizophrenia including, but not limited to, maternal diabetes, low birth weight, older paternal age, winter birth, and prenatal maternal stress. These may be some of the risk factors associated with schizophrenia developing, many other factors and causes of this disease or unknown.
Schizophrenia is a very complicated psychiatric disorder that effects approximately 1% of the population. A clear genetic component has been established that is linked to schizophrenia, but according to research, there is still much to be learned about this gene. Early
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The development of the nervous system being comprised may likely be some of the causes of how and why schizophrenia develops in some and not others. The likelihood of developing schizophrenia is 2% higher in someone who was exposed to stress and other complications during pregnancy. Complications can include abnormal fetal growth and development, complications during delivery, and other complications during pregnancy. Any complication that compromises oxygen to the fetus, thus comprising the right development of the nervous system could be a cause during the prenatal development of a baby. Low birth weight or being born under 4.4 pounds is another risk factor and has been seen in increased cases of schizophrenia. Men over 35 fathering children may have increased their child's risk of developing schizophrenia, although research on a woman's age at the time of conception and birth have not brought about the same results. Although much is still to be learned about being born during the season of winter, it has been determined that being born during the winter months, in combination with some other factors, can greatly increase one's chance of developing
Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., & Glatt, S. J. (2011). Schizophrenia. New York: Oxford University Press.
The neurodevelopmental Basis of Schizophrenia. Austin, TX: Landes Co.
For many years schizophrenia was thought to be caused by bad parenting, the so-called "refrigerator mother" was to blame. Today there exists much more information on the disorder and the evidence points to the commonly accepted notion of a chemical imbalance in the brain. Unfortunately, many people still confuse schizophrenia with multiple personality disorder when, in fact, the two are separate. Schizophrenia however, deals more with people who simply don't have a firm grip on reality.
The issue of whether or not criminal or aggressive behavior and violence is caused by biological or environmental factors has proven to be one that has caused a dispute for many years now. The biological or genetic factor of violent/criminal or aggressive behavior is certainly a much talked about topic. The idea that certain individuals could be predisposed to violence is something definitely deserving of doing research about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behavior. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between hormones and the frontal lobe of the brain may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior as well as genetics, while other studies have explored environmental and social factors that have been said to control patterns in human aggression. Aggressive/violent behavior can’t be answered directly if it is caused by either nature or nurture; instead it is believed that both cause it.
The argument of nature vs. nurture is a long-standing one in the psychological and social worlds. It is the argument about whether we are ruled by our genes or our upbringing. It is my thought that neither is true. It is nature working with nurture which determines our personality and our lifestyle.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders with major impairments in thought, emotion, and behavior; there is a constant prevalence rate of one percent with the occurrence being slightly higher in men. Though different psychologists have various theories on whether the disorder is linked to genetics or social economic status, schizophrenia in all
No one knows for sure what causes schizophrenia. The biological explanations are linked to genetic predisposition.
[3]The disorder is thought to be environmental. Trauma, emotional, and stress disorders are mentioned as people who have had difficulties with schizophrenia would have no record of the genetic based disorder in their family.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects one to two percent of people worldwide. The disorder can develop as early as the age of five, though it is very rare at such an early age. (3)) Most men become ill between the ages of 16 and 25 whereas most women become ill between the ages of 25 and 30. Even though there are differences in the age of development between the sexes, men and women are equally at risk for schizophrenia. (4) There is of yet no definitive answer as to what causes the disorder. It is believed to be a combination of factors including genetic make-up, pre-natal viruses, and early brain damage which cause neurotransmitter problems in the brain. (3)
The study of the causes of substance abuse has been conflicting many people for a long time. There are two causes of substance abuse that have been argued for many years. The first cause is believed to be environmental. The second cause is a genetic cause that leads people to turn to drugs and alcohol. In “Touch of Grey” Lanthrop comes to the conclusion that his substance abuse issue posses both genetic and environmental causes. This argument is specifically compelling because he uses research and a personal statement to prove his findings. While environmental issues have a large impact on substance abuse, genetics have the greatest impact on substance abuse.
Several studies since then have shown that there tends to be a higher rate of schizophrenia among children born in winter or early spring. (Kalat, 1998). (See appendix two).
Most commonly, schizophrenia strikes a person between his or her late teens and early 20s. Nonetheless, it can affect children as young as 12-years-old, or may lay dormant in a person until their late 20s (Saha, et al., 2008; Ueland & Rund, 2005). The cause of Schizophrenia is not fully known. However, it shows that Schizophrenia may be caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Biological interpretations have dominated in previous studies. Nevertheless, neither the biological nor the environmental categories is determinant completely, and there is no guarantee that one will confirm if he will or will not develop Schizophrenia.
The causes of schizophrenia and the related psychotic illness have been the subject of much
Current evidence suggests that a multifactorial neurodevelopmental model best explains the development of schizophrenia, with multiple genetic and environmental exposures playing roles (McClellan & Stock, 2013).The most important risk factors for vulnerability to schizophrenia are genetic factors where family, twin, and adoption studies support a strong genetic component (Lewis & Lieberman, 2000; McClellan & Stock, 2013; Niemi, Suvisaari, Tuulio-Henriksson, & Lönnqvist, 2003).
The fetus relies on the its mother for nutrition which is why it is important that a mother maintains a healthy diet and nutrition. Mothers who fail to intake the necessary proteins, vitamins, and minerals during pregnancy is subjected to the malformation of their child. Maternal age is as well associated with the unpleasant pregnancy outcomes. For example, in adolescence the mortality rate of an infant is higher than to mothers of older age. When women of age 35 years or older has become pregnant the risk that the child will have Down syndrome increases. Emotional states and stress during pregnancy can have long term consequences such as having a child with emotional or cognitive problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and language delay. It is concluded that mothers who suffer from depression during pregnancy can be linked to preterm birth, low weight at birth in full-term infant, and an increase risk that depression will develope in the adolescence. Not only does maternal characteristics influence the prenatal development of the offspring but so does the paternal. A father who smokes around the pregnant mother leads to a risk of early pregnancy loss and leukemia may also arise from second hand smoking. The father who is of age 40 or older is at risk of