Pregnancy And Childbirth

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Pregnancy and childbirth represent life-changing times in most women’s lives. Pregnancy can be a time for happiness and positive expectations for the future, but for some it is a time of great anxiety. An estimated one million women loose an unborn child in the United States each year (Wong, Crawford, Gask & Grinyer, 2003). Approximately 10-15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies will end in miscarriage (Wilcox, et al. 1988). In addition, Gold et al. (2007) estimates that up to fifty percent of all clinically and unclinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. As many as 80 percent of these women will become pregnant again following a perinatal death (Cordle & Pettyman, 1994). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a miscarriage as an unintentional loss of an embryo or fetus up to 22 weeks or no more than 500 grams (WHO, 1977). An estimated 22-41% of women who suffer from a pregnancy loss experience some level of anxiety (Athey & Speilvogel, 2000). Geller et al. (2004) concluded that women with a history of perinatal death show increased anxiety with subsequent pregnancies compared to women who have not suffered a loss. Women who have experienced a prior perinatal death can be especially anxious when they become pregnant again, often fearing a similar outcome from their previous pregnancy. The loss of a child is devastating, and many women suffer in silence. Broen, Moum, Sejersted Bodtker & Ekberg (2005) concluded that anxiety is a much more prominent response to a perinatal death than depression. Women who experience pregnancy-related anxiety are at greater risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes (Reck et. al., 2013). Psychological interventions to address the trauma related to pregnancy loss has been largely negle...

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...dy by Wong, Crawford, Gask & Grinyer (2003) identified several themes of attitudes and expectations of patients from health care professionals and determined that major deficiencies and inconsistencies exist regarding in-hospital and follow-up care for women who have experienced a perinatal death. While some health care facilities have adopted formal practice guidelines regarding management of perinatal death patients, there is a wide variance observed in the research regarding consistency of care and best practices. Health care professionals, particularly nurses, are in a unique position to offer support and assistance to patients who are going through the experience and subsequent emotional difficulties. Given the proper support and tools to decrease anxiety, many women can go on to experience a positive pregnancy outcome with subsequent pregnancies (Lamb, 2002).

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