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Essay on political representation
The meaning of political representation
Essay on political representation
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nothing but making citizens' voices, opinions, and perspectives “present” in the public policy making processes (11). Political representation occurs when political representatives not only speak but also advocate, symbolize, and act on behalf of the vast majority of people in the political arena. In short, political representation is said to be a kind of political assistance to the people at large. This seemingly straightforward definition, however, is squarely inadequate as it stands because it leaves the concept of political representation underspecified. The concept of political representation has multiple and competing dimensions. Our common understanding of political representation is one that contains different and conflicting conceptions of how political representatives should represent and hence holds representatives to standards that are mutually incompatible. In leaving these dimensions underspecified, this definition fails to capture this paradoxical character of the concept. Political representation usually …show more content…
They stress on the need for order and authority in any polity which are best maintained by the Executive and the Parliament. Hobbes particularly eulogized the authority of the monarch. The reactionary theory largely lends credence to the superior knowledge and wisdom of the politicians who are regarded as the best custodians of public interest. People’s representatives have a very limited role in this scheme of things – to convey the popular feelings for their consideration and decision .It is in fact an elitist theory with no provision of public control. This theory is democratic only so long as it accepts the primacy of public interest in policy-making. But it is undemocratic in practice because it sets aside the democratic procedure (14). Conservative theory of
Representation: the effort of elected officials to look out for the interests of those who elect them
middle of paper ... ... The sovereign is able to hold absolute power but is equally controlled by the actions of the people as they are considered to be a servant of the people. Hobbes’ political thought is said to be the foundation for Parliamentary sovereignty in Canada. He believes society's main goal is to provide a safe, functioning life without the constant fear of death.
Thomas Hobbes believes that the optimal form of authority is one that has absolute power over its people, consisting of just one person who will retain the exclusive ability to oversee and decide on all of society’s issues. This Sovereign will be constituted by a social contract with the people. With that, the Sovereign will hold all of the citizens’ rights, and will be permitted to act in whichever way he or she deems necessary. The philosopher comes to this conclusion with deductive reasoning, utilizing a scientific method with straightforward arguments to prove his point.
Is the purpose of government today, similar to that of philosophers of the past, or has there been a shift in political thought? This essay will argue that according to Machiavelli’s The Prince, the purpose of government is to ensure the stability of the state as well as the preservation of the established ruler’s control, and that the best form of government should take the form of an oligarchy. In contrast, in his book, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argues that the purpose of government should be to preserve the peace and security of men and, that the best form of government would be an absolute monarchy which would sanction such conditions. This essay will utilize themes of glory, material advantage, peace and stability to illustrate
The phrase “Without a common Power to keep them all in awe” foreshadows Hobbes advocacy for an absolute Sovereign. Additionally, another common Power could be God which is where the Sovereign draws his power. The use of the word awe is interesting as it is often used to describe the feelings of man has at the hands of God. Therefore, Hobbes ideas of a Sovereign have been influenced by religious forces. Hobbes then gives the descriptions for the various roles in the power structure of his proposed political system. "This done, the Multitude so united in one Person, is called a Commo...
Hobbes, an aristocrat who lived through the English civil war, had to flee England, watch his monarch’s execution, and observes the violence of human nature at its very worst. Given this experience, his central concern was the need for absolute power to maintain peace and prevent another civil war. On the other hand, John Locke lived and wrote forty years later, after the Glorious Revolution. His ideas developed in the context of a period in which individual’s rights and power were emphasized. He believed that individuals needed freedom from control to reach their full potential. Hobbes became an advocate for absolutism--the belief that because humans are naturally power seeking, a sovereign is needed to maintain peace, and the individual must completely submit to that power. In contrast, Locke advocated constitutionalism, the belief that all individuals have inherit rights, government should be based on consensus, and citizens must fight for their liberty in the face of an overpowering government. These philosophers and their ideas outlined the debate about where power should lie in society–with the individual or with the state.
Thomas Hobbes is now broadly viewed as one of a smaller group of truly extraordinary political thinkers, whose major work was the Leviathan rivals in meaning the political writings of Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls. Hobbes is most known for his for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as “social contract theory”, the method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made among suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons. He is most famous for using his theory on the social contract to submit that human beings should submit to an absolute—undivided and unlimited—sovereign power (Lloyd, 2014) Hobbes wanted to ascertain the clear values for the construction of a civil organization that would not be subject to destruction from within. Hobbes maintains the ideology that people should look at their government as having absolute authority, while arguing that the government has absolute power he reserves the idea that we have the liberty of disobeying some of our government's instructions. He argues that subjects retain a
Hobbes, on the other hand attested to a role of government akin to monarchy or dictatorship. His definition of the role of the state is a direct inversion of Locke’s. He states society is a creation of the state and therefore the governed surrender their rights so the state can fulfill its main func...
In this essay, I will present three reasons as to why the absolute authority of the sovereign in Hobbes’s state of nature and social contract is justified. The three reasons Hobbes uses are: the argument from contract, the argument from authorisation and the argument from weakness of mixed or divided sovereignty. Firstly, I shall explain Hobbes’s understanding of human nature and the natural condition of humanity which causes the emergence of the social contract. I shall then analyse each argument for the absolute authority of the sovereign being justified. I shall then consider possible objections to Hobbes’s argument. I shall then show why Hobbes’s argument is successful and the absolute authority of the sovereign is justified.
He made a statement on democracy that, “All mankind is in a perpetual and restless desire for power which can only stopped in death,” which would give power to the individual would be creating a dangerous situation which would start a “war of every man against every man, “and life will be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Despite all this, Thomas Hobbes still believed a separate group of representatives can present the problems of the common person to the king, but the absolute monarch has the final say
As a nation we are obligated to obey the rules and regulation of society in which was given to us by a higher power, the government. The government doesn’t have absolute power of society but it holds a balance of limited power to maintain society from failing into chaos or revolutions. However many believe there should be absolute power in order for society to fully function properly and away from war. This idea is based on Hobbes philosophy of absolute sovereignty. In which power should neither be limited nor divided but given absolute authority to a single person or an assembly to have an effective society. In this paper I will explain why I agree with Hobbes philosophy of absolute sovereignty. The idea is not perfect because we may give
...en are evil in their state of nature and that the public should not have control in the government system. This was a part of Hobbes’s social contract in which he makes the agreement that man must obey the laws and rules of the absolutist government. Although the theory worked for Hobbes during the time period he lived, Locke had a different approach in government in which society was more involved. Locke described man as a rational human being who pursued almost identical characteristics to an authority. Locke argued that a monarch was the best way to run a government, but he argued that the people had the right to express how they felt about their ruler as a whole. Both Hobbes and Locke had different interpretations of government with their opinions about man in society and these opinions are what shaped their ideal forms and individual participation of government.
...hat are the true and absolute representative of a people, to instruct men in the nature of that office, and to take heed how they admit of any other general representation upon any occasion whatsoever, if they mean to discharge the trust committed to them” (Hobbes 119-120). What Hobbes, in too many words, has said here is if you have a monarchy, representative government is unnecessary. Near the end of the quote, Hobbes is saying that unless the people who you chose to be your representatives are pure good, or saints, you should not trust them with your power. That is why a monarchy is better, according to Hobbes. One person makes the correct judgment and the people do not suffer. If a corrupt assembly in a democracy were to make a decision then the aristocracy would gain while everyone else would suffer. In this case, the aristocracy usually makes up the assembly.
Simply stated, to represent is simply to “make present again.” On this definition, political representation is the activity of making the people’s voices, opinions, and perspectives “present” in the public policy making processes. Political representation occurs when political actors speak, advocate, symbolize, and act on the behalf of others in the political arena. In simpler terms, political representation is a kind of political assistance. The concept of political representation has a number of competing dimensions: our common understanding of political representation is one that contains different and conflicting conceptions of how political representatives should represent and hold representatives to standards that are mutually incompatible. One reason that the concept of representation remains elusive is that theories of representation often apply only to particular kinds of political actors within a particular context. How individuals represent an electoral district is treated differently from how social movements or informal organizations
... is the only right form of government. Hobbes believes that any such conflict in system such as seperation of powers can leads to civil war. He holds that any form of ordered government is preferable to civil war. Thus he advocates that all members of society submit to one absolute, central authority for the sake of maintaining the common peace. For Hobbes, this is the only sure means of maintaining a civil, peaceful polity and preventing the dissolution of society into civil war.