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Policing down through the years
History of policing
Policing down through the years
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Policing in Western Australia started when Governor Stirling appointed some constables to help keep the peace; the Western Australia Police Force was formed later January 1st, 1834 (“About Us,” 2015). There are approximately 8,750 current employees and they have to cover around 2.5 million square kilometers (“About Us,” 2015). The Western Australia Police Force is responsible for all police services in this region: traffic safety, organized crime, and even anti-terrorism. As such, they are a governmental organization but they do have auxiliary police officers. The auxiliary police officers have abbreviated training and are unable to carry firearms (“About Us,” 2015). However, they do assist in the custody, admission, and release of offenders …show more content…
The first practical steam engine was created in 1712 (BBC, 2013). Since steam advanced to coal power, later to oil power, and lastly to alternative types of energy such as wave and solar power, the earth’s temperature has risen. Charles Keeling started measuring the atmospheric amount of carbon dioxide; his project continues to this day (Gillis, 2010). He measured in 1958 there was 315 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Gillis, 2010). Now in 2016, there are more than 400 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Kahn, …show more content…
Climate change mitigation can mean something as simple as green improvements to household appliances like stoves and refrigerators or more complicated plans like making older machines more efficient, using renewable energy, or even planning and building a new city (UNEP, n.d). One would notice that there are no immediate effects of climate change mitigation. This is correct. But there are long-term effects of switching to greener home appliances, using renewable energies, and overall moving towards a low carbon footprint society. The Western Australia Police Force is committed to improving the region for a low carbon footprint and can help with law enforcement
Western Australian Department of Education. (2009). Protocols for working with WA police. WA: Department of Education. Retrieved from http://www.det.wa.edu.au/policies/detcms/policy-planning-and-accountability/policies-framework/guidelines/protocols-for-working-with-wa-police.en?oid=com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.guideline-id-3743688
Since measurements began in 1958 -- and it can be assumed to have been the case since the industrial revolution -- emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere has risen steadily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels (Quay, pp 2344). Although there is much argument over the implications of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, there are several points that almost all scientists would agree on: firstly, carbon dioxide acts to absorb radiated heat; if present in our atmosphere will do just that to some extent. Second, the concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is rising. Third, the temperature of the planet is rising - although the amount of this increase and the causes of this rise are subject to disagreement (Philander, pp 193).
As our modern-day society is becoming increasingly complex with many things changing so to must the education and training requirements for police officers in Canada. What all must police officers in Canada change to become efficient in our modern society? Canada has recently seen a surge in immigration to our country which has only added to the diversity of this nation. This means that the police must make sure they are properly trained and aware of our diverse cultures to properly handle all of the people in our society. Frequently police officers have come under scrutiny for the way they handle people with mental health issues. This just goes to show that police in Canada must increase their training on how to handle this group
In the mid 1970’s Australia’s police organisations in all states and territories adopted a paramilitary policing model, creating hierarchical structure to police members response to crime; however in the past 30 years, Victoria’s policing has since adopted a community-based model, aimed to focus on ‘service’ rather than ‘force’ (Bull & Stratta, 1995). Although police and public perception is to catch criminals, the job role has evolved, resulting in specialized units; for instance, the Victorian Police Force has a liaison officer service, unit services and referral services with a shift from focusing just on targeting ‘real crime’ (Clifford, 2010). However, studies show increasing numbers of police members encountering individuals experiencing
As stated in the textbook, police often have to make decisions on their own, with only their moral compass to guide them. Most ethical dilemmas that police officers face derive from their powers of discretion. Moral dilemmas that police officers face are often frequent and unavoidable. They are often unpopular with many people, resolved quickly, and are often dealt with alone.
One of the challenges the Canadian justice system faces is lack of personnel, specifically police officers. The baby boomers are approaching retirement and there experience and sheer numbers will be missed. According to Macleod (2009) half of the senior police officers will be eligible to retire within 5 years. Considering the shrinking labour pool this will make it difficult to replace these officers all at once. Macleod (2009) further states that without doubling or tripling the hiring rate of officers, the police will have to start cutting back some duties they currently perform. Normally 2000 new officers are hired across Canada every year; however by 2012 in order to replace the baby boomers, 5000-6000 will need to be hired. This might be more difficult than it sounds, considering most youth do not seem that interested in policing according to a recent survey of 1521 youths aged 16-27, that found only four percent would think about becoming officers (Macleod, 2009).
Introduce program in the community to get youths and policies interacting and working together to build a better relationship. Programs organized by police such as the “Redfern police boxing program” (McNab 2015). The program run by the local police and aboriginal organization to support the youths to stay out of trouble and create a safe environment where they learn to respect themselves, families and the community. Initiatives like these aim to reduce youth crime rate, also improve social interacting skills for youths and direct them to a better life (McNab 2015). Promoting cultural awareness in police services regarding indigenous culture. It is important to understand the cultural tradition carried out by Indigenous Australians because they are still practiced today. A strategy would be running workshops to get an education about policing directly from officers and youths sharing their cultural values and tradition (Grant, H 2015). This strategy provides police officers to learn about the Indigenous youth and their culture, while the youths build a positive relationship with police aiming to developing confidence and becoming a better role model in their community (Cunneen 2001). In regards to the case study if the ingenious children would have been involved in programs like this or had a better relationship with the police they would not have stolen
One of the most compelling and difficult environmental problems society faces today is climate change. People do not realize how much the environment has changed for the worse in the last ten years, until they are told that the last two decades of the 20th century have been the hottest in the last 400 years, according to climate studies (Conserve Energy Future). Today, the carbon dioxide levels have reached 396.81 parts per million (ppm). “Carbon dioxide (CO2) has also increased over the last 100 years-- from about 300 ppm to 370 ppm. Interestingly, the majority of these additions have occurred in the last 50 years, when temperature increases have been the slowest” (geocraft).
From this Community Police Consortium, the BJA put together a report titled Understanding Community Policing, A Framework for Action, which focused on developing a conceptual framework for community policing and assisting agencies in implementing community policing. The basis for this consortium was much more direct than the previous efforts set forth by Presidential Commissions during the 1960’s and 1970’s, and led to what became known as the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS, Title 1 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994). The core components outlined in the BJA report listed the two complementary core components to community policing: community partnership and problem solving. The report further stated that effective community policing depends on positive contact between patrol officers and community members, establishing and maintaining mutual trust as the primary goal of a community partnership, and police and community must join together to encourage and preserve peace and prosperity. While these are just a few of the recommendations listed in the report, there were many more that set forth the framework for community policing, but these were the core components.
Ever since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century, fossil fuels have been used constantly, slowly changing the planet’s atmosphere. According to Mann, “the preindustrial level of CO2 was 280 parts per million (ppm)” (N. pag). He predicts that at current rates, we will reach 560 ppm by the end of the 21st century. To make matters worse, Mann states that 450 ppm is dangerous as it will cause an increase in Earth’s average temperature by 2 Celsius. He recommends taking measures to keep CO2 at less than 405 ppm (N. pag). Mann takes note that in 2013, the value managed to reach 400 ppm (N. pag). It is needless to say that the point of no return is right around the corner. Unfortunately, the affects of pollution are already felt around the world. Pollution can cause many health issues and damage several organs in the body. When people think ...
Community- oriented policing is police integrity and ethics are fundamental to effective policing and help build trust within communities. Sound conduct by police improves community interactions, enhances communication, and promotes shared responsibility for addressing crime and disorder. and diversity. The Community-oriented Policing Office was established through a provision in the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (cops.usdoj). The police are responsible in ensuring that all citizens are protected from fear of crime at all cost which leave police officers to have a big responsibility.
Community policing has faced challenges in measuring the effectiveness of its strategies. Community policing has led to officers making fewer arrest (Mastrofski et al., 1995). Some people may see this as a positive thing, but critics of community policing may see this as a fault. Many officers are evaluated on how many criminals they get off the streets and the fact that less arrests are made by community policing officers can be a reason for skepticism. When it comes to serving the public with non-crime fighting services, community policing officers and regular officers seem not to have any difference in positive interaction of the people in the community, dealing with problems that citizens have, or doing order maintenance (Snipes, 2002).
The commonly debated “greenhouse effect” refers to “the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the last one hundred years or more” (Spencer). President Barack Obama addressed the issue as an effort to highlight its severity, "We have to all shoulder the responsibility for keeping the planet habitable, or we’re going to suffer the consequences – together” (Leader). The earth’s increasing atmospheric and oceanic temperatures result in climate changes due to cumulative amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.
The burning of fossil fuels has greatly harmed our environment and is a leading cause as to why climate change has become such a threat to our way of living. In May of 2013, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere reached 400 parts per million, an increase of more than 40 percent since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This could cause the Arctic Ocean to be nearly ice-free during the summer by 2020(Overland and Wang, 2013).
According to a chart made by NASA, it shows that the number of atmospheric carbon dioxide in these 650,000 years. For the past 650,000 years, the number of atmospheric carbon dioxide were lower than the carbon dioxide