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Gender Inequality in Health Care and in the Workplace
Gender Inequality in Health Care and in the Workplace
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Dating back to 1986, Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) was founded by a group of professional doctors who were experts of medicine and health science to do the research and call for public awareness and justice actions to fight against inhumanity and human rights violations (Website—About PHR, 2011; Wikipedia, 2015). The initial purpose of the group was to testify as the representative of doctors and humanitarians in Chile, who were against the military dictator (Wikipedia, 2015). Over the almost 30 years, the survey and expertise of PHR contribute to powerful advocacy in human right activities, which particularly are used to persecute health workers, prevent torture, record the facts of mass atrocities and hold those who were responsible for human rights violations (Website—About PHR, 2011).
There are four major issues PHR focuses on: to fight against the atrocities of civilians in armed conflict; to protect women, particularly those who treated as a weapon of war; to help the detainees who get tortured and ill-treatment; and to enhance the equity of health care in
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In the article of “Advocates for Health MDGs Unite to Demand World Leaders Honor Funding Commitments” (July 21, 2009), PHR is calling on the convening of the UN General Assembly Governments committed themselves to immediately stop the worldwide women die in pregnancy and childbirth at an alarming rate. In the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) High-Level Meeting on September 25 in advance, International Initiative partners PHR and maternal mortality and human rights issued a call on governments to focus the fifth goal, and one has seen the least progress - maternal
Third world countries and underdeveloped nations have become the new proverbial Petri dish of experimentation and offer particular conditions which researchers would never be able to find in their home countries. This only serves to highlight the problem that inherently faces all research studies, the ethical debate in regards to the protection and rights of their subjects. Is it feasible to expect the same standards to apply in certain countries where an economical imbalance between what is possible and what is not can be the largest hurdle to overcome? These are key issues examined in the New England Journal of Medicine by author Marcia Angell, M.D., and co-authors Harold Varmus, M.D. and David Satcher, M.D. in their respective articles that consider the ethical standards that should prevail in such circumstances. Should researchers be upheld to universal standards, or are the standards more applicable in a “local” sense, where the conditions and the constraints of the location provide the context for how the principles should be applied?
In certain situations it is difficult for a person to decide between a moral and immoral choice. In the field of health there are physicians and patients that may have two different mindsets. One may be a patient that believes a decision is moral, while a physician may think the decision is immoral. How can the physician stick to his beliefs and morals when he must make a choice to go against them or not?
Brown, A. Widney., and LaShawn R. Jefferson. "VI. ILLUSTRATIVE CASES." Afghanistan, Humanity Denied: Systematic Denial of Women's Rights in Afghanistan. New York, NY.: Human Rights Watch, 2001. 16+. Print
We are here faced with the polar opposite extremes in birthing. Seemingly, if a woman has too little prenatal care and education regarding birthing (as in Africa) she may not have the access to a Cesarean when she truly needs it; and at the other end of the spectrum if a woman has enveloped herself in a system that relies too heavily on birthing technologies she may end up with an unnecessary Cesarean surgery. Other paradigms exist for birthing such as in Holland where every woman is provided with a midwife for her birth, and Brazil where the C-section rate tops 80 percent. Yet another microcosmic pocket of birth in the U.S. shows us that C-section rates can be achieved at below 2%.
Population Council. “World Conference on Women: The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action on Women and Health”. Population and Development Review , Vol. 21, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 907-91. Web. 22 Nov. 2013
Healthy people 2020 states “The risk of maternal and infant mortality and pregnancy-related complications can be reduced by increasing access to quality preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care. Moreover, healthy birth outcomes and early identification and treatment of health conditions among infants can prevent death or disability and enable children to reach their full potential.” (CITE HEALTHY PEOPLE) Objective maternal, infant, and child health (MICH)1.1 has the goal of “reducing the rate of fetal deaths of fetuses at 20 or greater weeks gestation”. (C...
In Pakistan, there are estimated 300 to 640 maternal deaths per 100,000 and annually 30,000 mothers die in every 20 minutes. Many more suffer to other disabilities and diseases. Unfortunately, the overall picture a...
Jack Donnelly, Alison D. Renteln, and Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim all have different opinions when it comes to human rights and the exact way we should go about discussing human rights. The debate between the scholars and me come from the debate between the two principles of Liberal Universalism and Cultural Relativism. In my own opinion, I believe that it discussing human rights has to involve both theories and a cross-cultural discussion between us all so that we can come to an agreement when looking for a solution in certain cases.
In recent years, Afghanistan, a developing country located in South Asia, has been the country with the highest infant mortality rate, estimated at approximately 110 deaths per 1,000 live births. In addition, Afghanistan has the lowest life expectancy in the world at fifty years of age and an alarming high rate of maternal mortality. As a developing country overwhelmed by war, Afghanistan is one of the most dangerous places to be an expecting mother. Although the death rates of infants have declined, there is still worry that it will only increase again once the
As part of the Healthy People 2020 initiative, a national goal has been set to improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children, and families. This is an important public health movement considering their well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the health care system. Since there are many social and physical determinants of maternal, infant, and child health, recent efforts have been focused on addressing disparities by employing a “life course” perspective to health promotion and disease prevention. MICH 10.2 is an objective that seeks to improve the population’s health and well-being by increasing the proportion of pregnant women
Women’s reproductive rights are a global issue in today’s world. Women have to fight to have the right to regulate their own bodies and reproductive choices, although in some countries their voices are ignored. Abortion, sterilization, contraceptives, and family planning services all encompass this global issue of women’s reproductive rights.
The practice of medicine in the 1960s saw a change in the doctor-patient relationship that ultimately cultivated the patients’ rights movement. Individuals sought to become proactive in the healthcare and the healing process of their bodies. Because the medical practice was evolving rapidly in technology and specialized care, patients’ healthcare and rights became a major concern that needed to be addressed. In 1973 the American Hospital Association published a patients’ bill of rights that provided the patient with most advantageous healthcare available. This bill of rights required all accredited hospitals to accept this standard moving forward (Patients' Rights, 2004).
What are patient’s rights and responsibilities? In healthcare when a person seeks out services pertaining to their health, a person should expect to be treated in such a way that they are res-pected. This includes the information that is obtained while being examined by healthcare pro-fessionals. It is very important to know what rights you have as a patient and the services you will receive when seeking the professional opinions of healthcare professionals. If you are una-ware of your rights as a patient, there are a lot of things you must know. All of the rights and re-sponsibilities are unalienable, none of the following can be taken away due to age, color, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, culture, language, physical and/or mental disability, socioeco-nomic status, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, veteran status, and/or the ability to pay. In all areas of the healthcare field, these rights must be followed by those who are providing a service to the public. As a new patient with any provider; the provider is obligated to give a person a copy of the Patient’s Rights and Responsibilities and have the person sign the form stating they have received a copy for their records.
The Millennium Development Goal Report 2013 states that the progress towards achieving the target of reducing maternal mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015 significantly falls short of the set goal and the indices are still poor in the developing countries especially sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations, 2013). The People’s Health Movement (PHM), through its WHO Watch clearly identifies the huge omission of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) in the WHO’s revised strategy on traditional medicine (PHM WHO Watch, 2013). The magnitude of this omission appears to be puzzling owing to the fact that in just about three decades ago the WHO aimed to reduce death of women associated with child bearing through the training of TBAs and promoted their integration into the orthodox health care system. The WHO calls for a collaborative effort in achieving the goal of reducing maternal deaths. Yet, one can insinuate that the TBAs are no longer seen as a resource to be harnessed by public health professionals in addressing the issues associated with childbearing (Langwick, 2011). The ‘friend or foe’ mentality can clearly be observed in a statement made by one of Nigeria’s chief leaders in the fight towards reducing maternal mortality published in Nigeria’s foremost editorial daily newspaper magazine, the Punch. He said that ‘it was no longer acceptable for women to give birth in TBA centres, TBAs were no longer required in labour and delivery because of the availability of enough trained or skilled personnel, and he promised to jail any TBA involved in a maternal death’ (Punch, 2013). As such, it is important for us to critically analyse and evaluate the relevance of TBAs in promoting health from a contemporary global health perspective. I...