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Importance of philosophy in every day life
Introduction about the understanding of the self
Essay on the idea of self
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Philosophy in itself is an unidentifiable subject matter because of the lack of specificity in the fields it touches upon. It is “defined” as a way for humans to strive for ourselves in this reality in which we live in. No one person has the answers as to who we are and why we are living. The value of philosophy changes in character as history changes, thus the meaning of philosophy is what we as individuals perceive it to be. Though subjective, there are core ideals that unite the beliefs of all philosophy, such as the idea of the self.
Philosophers arise not to answer questions, but to question the questions in order to find enlightenment. The search for self is a difficult journey as it is a heavily debated subject matter with no definite clarification. Ultimately, the most important question of philosophy is: “What makes you, you?” The studies of self relates to the fundamental assumptions of human nature. Every discussion about “life or death [in philosophy] talks about the physical body and the human consciousness” with relations to rationality or irrationality” (Velasquez, 51). Human nature prompts most philosophers to believe that all human beings have a self within them. Philosophy defines the self as “the ego or “I” that exists in a physical body and that it is conscious and rational” (Velasquez, 52). This complex belief states that as humans, the self prompts us to think in order to derive achievable goals. The ability for the self to think, reason, and perceive believed by many philosophers is to relate ourselves to our bodies and bring ourselves to achieve a destiny. The philosophers who believe in the idea of self believe that the self is essentially independent of the physical body. It is a nonphysical element of...
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...ery topic discussed in this paper, it can be concluded that the idea of individuality explains the existence of life. Time, morals, and opinions all can be debated based on individual perception and thoughts through the self, enduring self. Reality is a difficult element to explain but through the ability of ourselves to shape the world around us based on our skepticism and knowledge; we are able to exist independently. Like philosophy, there are no answers but only the journey to seek after the answer. Through life, living, and existing, one will reach self-discovery. As stated previously, the value of philosophy changes in character as history changes, thus the meaning of philosophy is what we as individuals perceive it to be.
Works Cited
Velasquez, Manuel. Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning; 10th edition. 2005, 2008. Print.
Hume was the first thinker to point out the implications of the "representative theory of perception." He had inherited this theory from both his rationalist and empiricist predecessors. According to this view, when one says that he/she perceives something such as an apple, what it actually means is that the one has in the mind a mental idea or image or impression. Such a datum is an internal, mental, subjective representation of something that I assume to be an external, physical, fact. But there are, at least, two difficulties inherent in ascribing any truth to such perceptions. If truth is understood as the adequacy between the image and the object, then it is impossible to infer that there is a true world of objects since the only evidence. From this fundamental point, human reason loses its contingency in moral issues and decision making, letting feelings come to the first place. Hume emphasises the utility of knowledge as opposed to its correctness and suggests that morality begins with feeling rather than thought. In this case, Hume also believes that sympathy plays an essential role in morality. Sympathy is a fundamental feature of the human nature, that motivates us to make decisions. Sympathy can be described as an attempt to find or see one’s own nature in another object. Hume states that it is the start for all other human feelings.
Megan Darnley PHIL-283 May 5, 2014 Compatibilism and Hume. The choices an individual makes are often believed to be by their own doing; there is nothing forcing one action to be done in lieu of another, and the responsibility of one’s actions is on him alone. This idea of Free Will, supported by libertarians and is the belief one is entirely responsible for their own actions, is challenged by necessity, otherwise known as determinism. Those championing determinism argue every action and event is because of some prior cause.
The next major theory on how one obtains knowledge comes from David Hume’s Empiricism. Empiricism itself is the idea that all knowledge obtained is done so through senses or experiences throughout life. This theory itself clearly contrasts with rationalism as rationalists believe at no point that they should gain knowledge through senses/experiences. Furthermore, as an empiricist, he does not value anything that is not attained through experience. One of Hume’s beliefs is the idea that everyone is born with a mental “blank slate”. Because all knowledge we gain is thought to be gained through experience (which a newborn would have none at that point) the “slate” starts as blank and will filled in as the person learns through experiences. This
Descartes believes that the self is essentially a “thinking thing” (82) – a thing that “doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sensory perceptions.”
The self is traditionally held to be synonymous with individual identity and autonomy, while the mind, which is closely associated therewith, is widely held to be a necessary basis of cognition and volition, and the responsibility following therefrom. However Buddhism, Existential Phenomenology and Postsructuralism all point out that we have neither direct empirical experience of, nor sufficient justification for inferring, the existence of an independently subsisting self.
As time advanced so did thought, and slowly more and more complex ideas regarding the purpose of life emerged. All of the earliest civilizations had great thinkers who tried to unravel the mysteries of life. Like most religions, philosophy became something composed of multiple interpretations. Philosophers pondered the most important life questions, each taking their own stance, and providing numerous significant realizations.
In this essay I am going to evaluate Hume’s view of the origin of moral judgements based on his sympathy principle. I argue that Hume’s account, in some cases, is not sufficient for explaining the origin of moral judgements, especially the shaping of impartial moral judgements. First, I will give an introduction to Hume’s idea of ‘sympathy’ and explain how it forms the basis of our moral approval or disapproval of certain character traits and qualities of mind. Second, I will discuss the role of ‘judicious spectator’ in forming an impartial moral judgement. Then, I shall proceed to the discussion on questions and objections regarding the sympathy principle and the judicious spectator with possible replies from Hume’s point of view. Finally I will attempt to defend my argument by stressing some further problems that Hume does not give an answer in his Treatise.
"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy." Beauvoir, Simone de []. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. .
David Hume is considered to be one of the big three British empiricists, along with Hobbes and Locke, and lived near the end of the Enlightenment. The Catholic Church was losing its control over science, politics and philosophy and the Aristotelian world view was being swallowed up by a more mechanistic viewpoint. Galileo found the theory provided by Copernicus to be correct, that our earth was not the center of everything, but the celestial bodies including the earth circled the sun. Mathematicians abounded. Pascal developed the first mechanical calculator and Newtonian physics was breaking new ground. Not even the arts were immune. Within the same era Mary Shelley authored Frankenstein: or the Modern Prometheus. The main theme for this novel was the effects science was having on humanity. The scientific revolution was well underway and set to become the new religion. Hume attempted to strip the omnipotence of both divinity and reason and place it squarely on human experience. To try and secure anything beyond our realm of natural human experience is an exercise in futility. We are trapped behind the wall of human sensory experience. Hume suggests that complex ideas come from simple ideas, and ideas come from impressions. These impressions are arrived at through perception. “Ideas produce the images of themselves in new ideas; but as the first ideas are supposed to be derived from impressions, it still remains true, that all our simple ideas proceed either mediately or immediately, from their correspondent impressions.” Hume uses “mitigated skepticism” with surgical precision. While this is the same methodology that Rene Descartes used to arrive at his well known declaration “I think therefore I am” it has drastically different...
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014), A Peer Reviewed Academic Resource. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/milljs/ on February 15th, 2014.
According to Locke, through consciousness, we are self-aware and, therefore “self” can be used directly to describe ourselves (Jacobson: 55). The position of self is crucial to the theory as identity is often pertained in reference to an
Empiricism (en- peiran; to try something for yourself): The doctrine that all knowledge must come through the senses; there are no innate ideas born within us that only require to be remembered (ie, Plato). All knowledge is reducible to sensation, that is, our concepts are only sense images. In short, there is no knowledge other than that obtained by sense observation.
The word “philosophy” is derived from two roots that are “philo” and “Sophia.” Philo means love whereas Sophia means wisdom. Therefore, philosophy means the love of wisdom. In actual practice, philosophy entails study of, pursuit, and enquiry into wisdom. A good number of great philosophers have referred to philosophy as the art of thinking. Others have only defined it as the systematic study of human feelings and thoughts.
David Hume was a philosopher and historian who born in Edinburgh in 1711-1776. David Hume made great impact around the time he was living. According to Matthews & Platt (2008) “from 1763-1766, David Hume served at the British embassy in Paris, where he was honored by the French philosophies. He later returned to Edinburgh, where he was the leader of the Scottish Enlightenment” (p. 502). Therefore David Hume first developed his philosophy with a discussion about human nature around 1739-1740 (Matthews & Platt, 2008), which he took with him throughout his life.
Truth of oneself makes it visible when faced with absurd events in life where all ethical issues fade away. One cannot always pinpoint to a specific trait or what the core essence they discover, but it is often described as “finding one’s self”. In religious context, the essential self would be regarded as soul. Whereas, for some there is no such concept as self that exists since they believe that humans are just animals caught in the mechanistic world. However, modern philosophy sheds a positive light and tries to prove the existence of a self. Modern philosophers, Descartes and Hume in particular, draw upon the notion of the transcendental self, thinking self, and the empirical self, self of public life. Hume’s bundle theory serves as a distinction between these two notions here and even when both of these conception in their distinction make valid points, neither of them is more accurate.